施氮水平对油菜收获后直播棉花光合特性和产量的影响  

Effects of application dosage of nitrogen on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of direct-seeding cotton after harvesting rapeseed oil

作　　者：谢晓麒 彭杰 张钊 邱深 姚晓芬 杜轩 杨国正[1] XIE Xiaoqi;PENG Jie;ZHANG Zhao;QIU Shen;YAO Xiaofen;DU Xuan;YANG Guozheng(College of Plant Science and Technology/Hubei Hongshan Laboratory,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan 430070,China)

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学植物科学技术学院/湖北洪山实验室,武汉430070

出　　处：《华中农业大学学报》2024年第6期201-209,共9页Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University

基　　金：湖北洪山实验室项目(2021hszd006)。

摘　　要：为探讨长江流域棉区基于“增产不增投”理念的油菜收获后直播棉花合理施氮量,选用早熟棉品种华棉3097,于2022-2023年开展大田试验,考查施氮180(N_(180))、210(N_(210))、240(N_(240))、270(N_(270))、300(N_(300))、330(N_(330)) kg/hm^(2)棉花生长发育、光合特性和产量表现。结果显示:N_(270)和N_(300)棉花产量相当,但高于N_(180)和N_(330)。N_(270)水平下2 a平均籽棉产量比N_(180)和N_(330)分别提高7.0%和5.4%,该施氮量的单位面积铃数比N_(180)和N_(330)分别高24.9%和21.6%,各施氮水平间株高、果枝数、果枝起始高度、绿叶数和节位数表现类似。棉花冠层透光率随生育进程降低,随施氮量增加而降低,冠层高度30~50 cm和棉行20 cm内,N_(270)比N_(330)高23.9%,比N_(180)低10.0%,与N_(300)相当。N_(270)(N_(300))净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度高于N_(180)和N_(330);N_(270)胞间CO_(2)浓度低于N_(180)和N_(330)。可见,油菜收获后直播棉花施氮270 kg/hm^(2)有利于棉花生长发育,可以增加单位面积铃数,改善冠层透光状况,提高光合性能,从而获得较高产量。The early-maturing cotton cultivar Huamian 3097 was used to study the rational application dosage of nitrogen for the direct seeding cotton after harvesting rapeseed oil in the cotton area of the Yangtze River Basin based on the concept of“increasing yield without increasing input”.Field experiments were conducted in 2022 and 2023 to investigate the effects of six application dosages of nitrogen including N_(180)(180 kg/hm^(2)),N_(210)(210 kg/hm^(2)),N240(240 kg/hm^(2)),N_(270)(270 kg/hm^(2)),N_(300)(300 kg/hm^(2)),and N_(330)(330 kg/hm^(2))on the growth and development,photosynthetic characteristics,and yield of cotton.The results showed that the yield of cotton under N_(270) and N_(300) was comparable,but higher than that under N_(180) and N_(330).The two-year average yield of cotton seed and the number of bolls per unit area under N_(270) increased by 7.0%and 5.4%,24.9%and 21.6%compared to that under N_(180) and N_(330),respectively.There was no difference in plant height,number of fruit branches,height of the first fruit branch,number of green leaves,and number of nodes between treatments.The light transmittance of cotton canopy decreased with the process of growth and the increase of application dosage of nitrogen.The light transmittance of cotton canopy within the canopy height of 30-50 cm and the cotton row of 20 cm under N_(270) was 23.9%higher than that under N_(330),10.0%lower than that under N_(180),and comparable to that under N_(300).The net photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate,and stomatal conductance under N_(270)(N_(300))was higher than that under N_(180) and N_(330).The concentration of intercellular CO_(2) under N_(270) was lower than that under N_(180) and N_(330).It is indicated that applying 270 kg/hm^(2) nitrogen fertilizer to direct-seeding cotton after harvesting rapeseed oil is conducive to the growth and development of cotton,can increase the number of bolls per unit area and improve light transmission of canopy to enhance photosynthetic performance,and thus can achieve a higher yi

关 键 词：直播棉花 施氮水平 冠层透光率 光合特性 产量 “增产不增投” 

分 类 号：S562[农业科学—作物学] S143.1