基于气相色谱-质谱联用法研究考古土壤老化对文物中蛋白胶结材料鉴定的影响  

Influence of archaeological soil burial on GC-MS identification of proteinaceous binders

作　　者：马珍珍 MA Zhenzhen(Shaanxi Academy of Archaeology,Xi’an 710109,China;Key Scientific Research Base of On-site Conservation(Shaanxi Academy of Archaeology),National Cultural Heritage Administration,Xi’an 710109,China;Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Archaeological Conservation(Shaanxi Academy of Archaeology),Xi’an 710109,China)

机构地区：[1]陕西省考古研究院,陕西西安710109 [2]考古发掘现场文物保护国家文物局重点科研基地(陕西省考古研究院),陕西西安710109 [3]陕西省考古现场文物保护重点实验室(陕西省考古研究院),陕西西安710109

出　　处：《文物保护与考古科学》2024年第6期103-110,共8页Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助(52072228);国家重点研发计划资助(2022YFF0903805);四川省科技计划项目资助(2022YFS0558)。

摘　　要：蛋白胶结材料历经土壤埋藏老化,会流失明显、降解严重,氨基酸含量或多或少地发生改变,以致影响气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)对蛋白胶料的鉴定。为提高该分析方法的准确性,本研究通过模拟文物绝氧、避光、低温的考古埋藏环境,对动物胶原、蛋类和牛奶这3类常见蛋白胶料进行为期一年的土壤老化,利用GC-MS测试11种氨基酸含量变化并分析其箱式图、主成分聚类(PCA)图的分布特点。结果表明,3类胶的脯氨酸(Pro)、天冬氨酸(Asp)和谷氨酸(Glu)含量增高,丝氨酸(Ser)含量降低;猪皮胶的甘氨酸(Gly)和羟脯氨酸(Hyp),蛋类、牛奶的异亮氨酸(Ile)和苯丙氨酸(Phe)含量减少。上述变化导致3类胶的氨基酸箱式图分布、PCA图聚类位置出现一定改变,但可辨识性依旧很强。基于上述研究结果鉴定出西安郭杜唐墓壁画、彩绘陶器颜料层中存在动物胶原。该研究提高了GC-MS鉴定彩绘文物蛋白胶料的准确性,为后期探讨彩绘文物劣化机理、选择合适保护修复材料提供科学依据。The aging of proteinaceous binders buried under soil environment may cause a change of amino acid content,thus affecting their GC-MS identification.In order to improve the accuracy of this method,the author studied how the amino acids of the commonly used binders(collagen,egg and milk)changed after aging in archaeological soil,using GC-MS box plot and principle component analysis(PCA)graph.The GC-MS results show that the levels of Pro,Asp and Glu increased while that of Ser decreased.Gly and Hyp in pig glue and Ile,Phe in egg and milk decreased.These changes caused variations in the box plot and PCA graph,but they were identifiable.Based on the above research,animal glue,and a mixture of animal glue and egg were identified in the painting layers of murals and pottery of the Tang tomb at Guodu,Xi’an.This study has improved the accuracy of GC-MS identification of proteinaceous binders and could provide a scientific basis for exploring the degradation mechanism and selecting proper conservation materials.

关 键 词：彩绘文物 考古土壤老化 蛋白胶料 GC-MS 鉴定 

分 类 号：K876.9[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]