北白鹅墓地出土席状编织物的鉴别与研究  

Identification and study of mat-like weavings unearthed from the Beibai’e Cemetery

作　　者：卢蕾 温睿[1,2,3] 李仁 吴妍 南普恒[5] LU Lei;WEN Rui;LI Ren;WU Yan;NAN Puheng(School of Cultural Heritage,Northwest University,Xi’an 710127,China;China-Central Asia“the Belt and Road”Joint Laboratory on Human and Environment Research(Northwest University),Xi’an 710127,China;Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation(Northwest University),Ministry of Education,Xi’an 710127,China;Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100044,China;Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology,Taiyuan 030001,China)

机构地区：[1]西北大学文化遗产学院,陕西西安710127 [2]中国-中亚人类与环境“一带一路”联合实验室(西北大学),陕西西安710127 [3]文化遗产研究与保护技术教育部重点实验室(西北大学),陕西西安710127 [4]中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,北京100044 [5]山西省考古研究院,山西太原030001

出　　处：《文物保护与考古科学》2024年第6期111-118,共8页Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology

摘　　要：墓葬中出土的植物编织物属于有机质文物,通常保存状况极为不佳,通过有机残留物分析确定其材质是后续保护与价值认知的基础。本研究以北白鹅墓地M1020青铜簋上附着的席状编织物为对象,通过纤维显微观察、植硅体分析、液相色谱质谱联用分析等三种方法进行检测分析,结果表明考古样品的生物来源为芦苇。将其与《礼记·丧大记》和《仪礼·既夕礼》等历史文献相对应,并与考古发掘现场的实际情况相结合,推断出该考古样品的性质是用于丧葬场合的苇席,代表着墓主人“士”阶级的身份,且处于椁盖板下棺盖板上作抵御尘土的抗席之用,在整个下葬过程中扮演过重要角色。研究结果提供了春秋早期丧葬用席的实物证据,有助于了解当时的丧葬制度,也为周王朝东迁后社会景观的复原提供了一个切入点。Previous studies have focused primarily on inorganic artifacts such as bronze vessels,but given less attention to organic ones.This is due to the susceptibility of organic materials to decay and degradation,often resulting in their complete disappearance or survival only in forms of remnants.The plant weavings unearthed from tombs are organic artifacts,typically found in extremely poor conditions.Identification of their materials through organic residue analysis forms a basis for their subsequent preservation and the better understanding of their value.This study focused on the woven mat-like material attached to a bronze Gui from Tomb M1020 at the Beibai’e Cemetery,using three methods—fiber microscopic observation,phytolith analysis,and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)—for analysis.Plant fibers could be observed in certain areas of the mat.These fibers were generally short,slender,and exhibited some curvature,often appearing alongside epidermal cells.The observed epidermal cells were elongated and serrated on both sides,with the serrations typically being semi-elliptical in shape,tapering slightly at the top compared to the base.The undispersed epidermal cells were often connected to form a continuous layer,with the serrations interlocking like a zipper.The results of the fiber microscopic observation were consistent with the characteristics of Gramineae plants,particularly reeds.Notably,around the undispersed epidermal cells,fragments of the“reed membrane”with stomata and traces of epidermal cell arrangement were observed.The“reed membrane”was a key marker for identifying reeds.In addition,a statistical analysis of 200 phytoliths was conducted.Among the identifiable ones,over 70%were epidermal phytoliths from Gramineae,with a small number of saddle-shaped phytoliths(from Gramineae)and spinulose phytoliths also present.Among common weaving materials,two types belong to the Gramineae family:bamboo and reed.Referring to previous studies on the microscopic features of ancient reed mats a

关 键 词：编织 纤维显微观察 植硅体 液相色谱-质谱 北白鹅墓地 

分 类 号：K876.9[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K878.8[历史地理—历史学]