“目的”的反转——以康德的历史目的论为主线  

The Reversal of “ Purpose”: Focusing on Kant's Teleological History

作　　者：何怀宏 HE Huai-hong(School ofPhilosophy,Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou,Henan 450001,China)

机构地区：[1]郑州大学哲学学院,郑州450001

出　　处：《山西师大学报（社会科学版）》2025年第1期8-14,19,共8页Journal of Shanxi Normal University(Social Science Edition)

摘　　要：“目的”的概念可以指个人行为的动机,也可以指思想家们提出来的某个群体乃至人类的总体目标,甚至是指自然和宇宙所要达到的最终状态。它作为个体的动机和群体的动力,却在发端处就包含了对结果的预期。那么,个人动机和总体目的之间的关系如何,这总体目的和结果之间的关系又是如何,这之间是不是存在着一种“反转”的关系?我们可以康德的历史目的论为主线,梳理一些基本的概念和关系,也参照黑格尔的“理性的狡计”和亚当·斯密“看不见的手”等相关观点,最后聚焦“恶是不是历史发展的动力”的问题。The concept of“purpose”can refer to the motivation for individual actions,or the overall goals proposed by thinkers for a group,even for humanity as a whole,or even the final state which nature and the uni-verse can achieve.As the motivation for individuals and the driving force for groups,it includes the anticipation of results at its inception.Therefore,what is the relationship between individual motivation and the overall purpose?What is the relationship between this overall purpose and the result?Is there a kind of“reversal”relationship be-tween them?We can follow Kant's theory of the purpose of history as the main line to sort out some basic concepts and their relationships,refer to Hegel's“cunning of reason”and Adam Smith's“invisible hand”and other related views,and finally focus on the issue of“whether evil is the driving force of historical development”.

关 键 词：康德 历史目的论 历史理性批判 事实目的 理想目的 目的的反转 

分 类 号：B142[哲学宗教—世界哲学]