不同施肥模式对洱海流域水稻产量和氮磷损失的影响  

Effects of different fertilization patterns on rice yield,nitrogen and phosphorus emission in the Erhai Basin

作　　者：张顺涛 康锁倩 杜雪丽 谭丹 王睿 黄飞 危常州[6] 郭世伟[7] 徐玖亮 ZHANG Shun-tao;KANG Suo-qian;DU Xue-li;TAN Dan;WANG Rui;HUANG Fei;WEI Chang-zhou;GUO Shi-wei;XU Jiu-liang(College Resources and Environment Sciences,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100010;Erhai Basin Academy of Agricultural Green Development Research,Dali Yunnan 671000;School of Agricultural,Yunnan University,Kunming Yunnan 650000;Dali Cang’er Liuxiang Agricultural Development Co.,Ltd.,Dali Yunnan 671000;Planting Industry Development Center in Dali City,Yunnan Province,Dali Yunnan 671000;College of Agronomy,Shihezi University,Shihezi Xinjiang 832000;College of Resources and Environment Sciences,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing Jiangsu 210095)

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京100010 [2]洱海流域农业绿色发展研究院,云南大理671000 [3]云南大学农学院,云南昆明650000 [4]大理苍洱留香农业发展有限公司,云南大理671000 [5]云南省大理市种植业发展中心,云南大理671000 [6]石河子大学农学院,新疆石河子832000 [7]南京农业大学资源与环境科学学院,江苏南京210095

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2024年第11期122-129,共8页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：云南省重大科技专项计划(202202AE090034)。

摘　　要：水稻是洱海流域最主要的粮食作物之一,不合理的施肥方式导致水稻产量和产值较低,同时较高的稻田氮、磷损失对洱海面源污染防治提出考验。探究有机-无机绿色智能肥对洱海流域水稻产量和环境排放的影响,为洱海流域水稻合理施肥提供理论依据。于2022年在云南省大理白族自治州开展田间试验,设置4个处理,分别为不施肥、单施化肥(常规模式)、单施有机肥(有机模式)和施用有机-无机绿色智能肥(绿色模式),分析了水稻产量及其构成因子、氮利用效率、氨挥发、径流氮磷损失和径流水化学需氧量、产值等。试验结果表明:(1)与不施肥处理相比,常规、有机和绿色模式的水稻产量分别提高了44.4%、20.8%和68.1%,绿色模式的水稻产量最高。绿色模式主要增加了水稻的穗数和穗粒数,进而提高了水稻产量。(2)绿色模式的地上部氮累积量显著高于常规模式和有机模式。绿色模式的氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥生理利用率和氮肥偏生产力较常规模式分别提高12.5%、8.8 kg/kg、9.0 kg/kg和13.0 kg/kg。(3)与常规模式相比,有机模式和绿色模式的氨挥发量、氮/磷径流损失量分别降低了63.3%和56.3%、38.1%和41.4%、6.5%和14.4%,绿色模式的氮盈余量降低了41.5%。(4)绿色模式的净利润比常规模式和有机模式分别提高了2.7万和2.4万元/hm^(2)。绿色模式显著提高了水稻穗粒数和穗数,进而提高了水稻产量,水稻氮素累积量和氮肥利用率均显著增加。同时,绿色模式较常规施肥模式能够降低土壤氨挥发、氮磷径流损失和土壤氮素盈余量。因此,施用有机-无机绿色智能肥在洱海流域能够实现水稻的高产、高效、减排和增值协同的效果。In the Erhai Basin,rice is one of the most significant food crops.Irrational fertilization practices have reduced rice yields and production values,and the high nitrogen and phosphorus losses in paddy fields pose a challenge to the prevention and control of non-point source pollution in Erhai Basin.The effect of organic-inorganic green intelligent fertilizers on rice yield and environmental emissions in the Erhai Basin was investigated to provide theoretical basis for rational fertilization of rice in Erhai Basin.A field experiment was conducted in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture,Yunnan Province,in 2022,with four fertilization treatments of no fertilization,chemical fertilization alone,organic fertilization alone and organic-inorganic green intelligent fertilization,to analyze rice yield and its constituent factors,nitrogen utilization efficiency,ammonia volatilization,runoff nitrogen and phosphorus losses and chemical oxygen demand of the runoff water,and production value.The results showed that:(1)Rice yield were increased by 44.4%,20.8%and 68.1%in chemical fertilization alone,organic fertilization alone and organic-inorganic green intelligent fertilization treatment,respectively,compared with no fertilization treatment,with the organic-inorganic green intelligent fertilization treatment having the highest rice yield.The organic-inorganic green intelligent fertilization treatment mainly increased the number of spikes and grains of rice,which in turn increased the rice yield.(2)The aboveground nitrogen accumulation of the organic-inorganic green intelligent fertilization treatment was significantly higher than that of the chemical fertilization alone and organic fertilization alone.Nitrogen apparent recovery efficiency,nitrogen agronomy utilization efficiency,nitrogen physiology efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity of the organic-inorganic green intelligent fertilization were 12.5%,8.8 kg/kg,9.0 kg/kg and 13.0 kg/kg higher than those of the chemical fertilization alone,respectively.(3)Ammonia volat

关 键 词：水稻 绿色智能肥 洱海流域 氨挥发 环境排放 绿色食品 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学]