论契诃夫喜剧精神的历史根源与思想意义——以《樱桃园》为例  

On the Historical Roots and Ideological Significance of Chekhov's Spirit of Comedy:The Cherry Orchаrd as an Example

作　　者：杨洋[1] YANG Yang

机构地区：[1]南京大学文学院

出　　处：《戏剧艺术》2024年第6期22-32,共11页Theatre Arts

摘　　要：契诃夫晚期多幕剧所具有的喜剧特质问题颇能引起争议。苏联及持进步论的研究者强调其喜剧特质的社会革命性,另一种观点则认为其喜剧精神来源于对人类生活荒诞本质的俯视。两种观点都建立在对契诃夫思想和世界观的单面解释之上,遮蔽了其重要经历——成长于帝俄大改革时期,并以地方自治局医生的身份积极参与各种实践性公共事务。这些经历对他的戏剧诗学产生了结构性的影响。契诃夫喜剧精神的基础是审慎的乐观而非乌托邦式的狂热,是同情基础上的嘲弄而非居高临下的指责,是对人因受制于幻想的时间观念而放弃现实生活中的机遇的惋惜,而非荒诞派的、超脱于历史之外的冷漠。契诃夫这一超越戏剧体裁范畴的喜剧精神正是对俄罗斯知识阶层的激进乌托邦主义与宗教弥赛亚主义的双重批判,因而具有深刻的思想史意义。The question of the comic qualities in Chekhov's late multi-act plays is controversial.Soviet and progressive researchers have emphasized the socially revolutionary nature of his comedic elements,while other viewpoints suggest that his comedic spirit stems from the absurd nature of human life as observed from a higher perspective.Both perspectives are based on one-sided interpretations of Chekhov's thought and worldview,overshadowing the structural influences on his dramatic poetics,which stem from his upbringing during the“Great Reform”period in Imperial Russia and his active involvement in practical public affairs as a Zemstvo doctor.Chekhov's comedic spirit is grounded in prudent optimism rather than utopian fanaticism,sympathetic mockery rather than condescending accusation,and lamentation for people's abandonment of real-life opportunities due to an illusory conception of time rather than absurdist indifference to history.Chekhov's comedic spirit,which transcends the realm of the dramatic genre,is precisely a dual critique of the radical utopianism and religious messianism of the Russian intelligentsia,and is thus of profound significance in intellectual history.

关 键 词：契诃夫 地方自治局医生 喜剧精神 樱桃园 俄罗斯思想史 

分 类 号：J80[艺术—戏剧戏曲]