同位素取代制备硝酸铵及其性能表征  

Preparation of Ammonium Nitrate by Isotope Substitution and Its Performance Characterization

作　　者：鄂秀天凤 王伟 雷雯 徐志斌 刘瑞斌[3] 解龙 肖川 商照聪 孟子晖 E Xiu-tian-feng;WANG Wei;LEI Wen;XU Zhi-bin;LIU Rui-bin;XIE Long;XIAO Chuan;SHANG Zhao-cong;MENG Zi-hui(College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China;Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co.,Ltd,Shanghai 200062,China;School of Physics,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China;China Research and Development Academy of Machinery Equipment,Beijing 100089,China)

机构地区：[1]北京理工大学化学与化工学院,北京100081 [2]上海化工研究院有限公司,上海200062 [3]北京理工大学物理学院,北京100081 [4]中国兵器科学研究院,北京100089

出　　处：《火炸药学报》2024年第11期993-999,I0001,共8页Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(No.22105024)。

摘　　要：采用同位素取代技术,将硝酸铵(NH_(4)NO_(3))中的^(14)N取代为^(15)N,制备了两种^(15)N代硝酸铵,即^(15)NH_(4)NO_(3)和NH_(4)^(15)NO_(3),并采用扫描电镜、红外和X射线衍射对^(15)N代硝酸铵的表观形貌和化学结构进行了表征;采用真密度分析仪、差示扫描量热仪、干燥器平衡法及微小药量激光点火法测试了其密度、分解温度、吸湿性、感度、爆速、爆热等。结果表明,与普通硝酸铵相比,^(15)N代硝酸铵的化学结构基本不变;NH_(4)^(15)NO_(3)和^(15)NH_(4)NO_(3)的密度由1.72g/cm^(3)提升至1.75g/cm^(3)和1.76g/cm^(3),吸湿率降至97.1%和95.2%,感度和热稳定性基本不变;采用微小药量激光点火装置测试发现NH_(4)^(15)NO_(3)和^(15)NH_(4)NO_(3)的爆速分别提升至6610m/s和6680m/s,爆热提升至3730kJ/kg和3840kJ/kg。证明稳定同位素取代技术可进一步提升现有高能材料的性能。Two types of ^(15)N substituted ammonium nitrate,namely ^(15)NH_(4)NO_(3) and NH_(4)^(15)NO_(3),were prepared by using isotope substitution technique to replace ^(14)N in ammonium nitrate(NH_(4)NO_(3))with ^(15)N.The apparent morphology and chemical structure of ^(15)N substituted ammonium nitrate were investigated using scanning electron microscopy,infrared spectroscopy,and X-ray diffraction.Its density,decomposition temperature,hygroscopicity,sensitivity,detonation velocity,and heat of explosion were tested by true density analyzer,differential scanning calorimeter,desiccator equilibrium method,and micro-charge laser ignition technique.The results show that,compared with common ammonium nitrate,the chemical structure of ^(15)N substituted ammonium nitrate is almost unchanged.The density of NH_(4)^(15)NO_(3) and ^(15)NH_(4)NO_(3) increases from 1.72g/cm^(3) to 1.75g/cm^(3) and 1.76g/cm^(3),the hygroscopic speed decreases to 97.1%and 95.2%,respectively.And the sensitivity and thermal stability are almost the same.The detonation performance tested by a self-built micro-charge laser ignition device show that the detonation velocity of NH_(4)^(15)NO_(3) and ^(15)NH_(4)NO_(3) increases to 6610m/s and 6680m/s,and the heat of explosion increases to 3730kJ/kg and 3840kJ/kg,respectively,proving that stable isotope substitution technology can be an alternative to further enhance the performance of existing high-energy materials.

关 键 词：高能物质 稳定同位素 同位素取代 ^(15)N元素 硝酸铵 激光点火 

分 类 号：TJ55[兵器科学与技术—军事化学与烟火技术] O611.7[理学—无机化学]