当代俄罗斯的语言立法与语言关系发展  

Language Legislation and the Development of Language Relations in Contemporary Russian Federation

作　　者：何俊芳[1] 郭亚星 He Junfang;Guo Yaxing

机构地区：[1]中央民族大学民族学与社会学学院,北京100081

出　　处：《语言战略研究》2025年第1期54-61,共8页Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“当代俄罗斯联邦的国语政策、语言关系与国家认同的建构及启示研究”(24BMZ113)。

摘　　要：语言立法是对语言的地位、权利、使用、发展、保存和保护等进行调节的法律行为,是国家语言政策和语言规划在法律形式上的集中体现。俄罗斯的语言立法具有一定的典型性,相对较为完整和系统,既有国家层面的《俄罗斯联邦宪法》和《俄罗斯联邦国语法》《俄罗斯联邦民族文化自治法》等专项立法;也有地方层面各共和国的相关立法。长期以来,俄罗斯的语言关系中存在着一些较为突出的问题,如对各共和国国语的学习应遵循义务性还是自愿性原则规定不明确,联邦官方将“母语”等同于民族语言为某些共和国提供了法律操作的借口,等等,这些问题导致某些地区出现语言争端。从俄罗斯的语言立法和语言关系发展情况看,在多民族国家的语言建设中,应通过法治化建设为国家通用语的推行提供法律依据和保障,并在实行双(多)官方语言的自治地方坚持国家通用语的主导地位和应有的语言秩序。Nowadays many countries around the world have enacted language legislation in various forms.Language legislation is an important legal act for the regulation of the status,rights,use,and relationships of languages.This study focuses on language legislation in the Russian Federation.Language legislation of the Russian Federation is typical,with both nation-level special legislation and local-level related legislation,making its language legislation relatively complete and systematic.However,there have long been some prominent issues in Russia’s language relations,such as the question of whether the learning of the national language of republics should adhere to the principle of obligation or voluntariness,and the problems brought about by equating“mother tongue”with ethnic language at the offi cial level of the Russian Federation.The aforementioned issues have been resolved through the revision of the Education Law in the Russian Federation,but some other problems still exist.In conclusion,the development of language legislation and language relations in contemporary Russian Federation enlightens us that in the linguistic construction of multi-ethnic nations,a legal governance approach should be adopted to safeguard the use and development of the national common language and other languages,and to maintain the dominant position of the common language and the appropriate linguistic order.

关 键 词：语言立法 语言关系 俄罗斯 

分 类 号：H002[语言文字—语言学]