西方学者水流挟沙力公式剖析研究  

Analytical study on sediment carrying capacity formula by Western scholars

作　　者：杨张辉 张红武[1] YANG Zhanghui;ZHANG Hongwu(State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering,TsingHua University,Beijing 100084,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学水沙科学与水利水电工程国家重点实验室,北京100084

出　　处：《水利学报》2024年第12期1484-1495,共12页Journal of Hydraulic Engineering

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC0402500);鄂尔多斯市重大水利基金项目(20232000090);内蒙古自治区科技厅重大专项(2024JBGS0016)。

摘　　要：水流挟沙力计算是解决河流动力学理论与工程实际问题的至关重要环节。西方学者水流挟沙力研究比我国起步早,对学科发展过程影响较大。本文系统回顾了西方学者的水流挟沙力公式研究发展状况,详细阐述公式建立思路、推导过程以及细节处理,剖析理论和实用价值及缺陷。结合黄河下游悬移质泥沙为主的实测资料检验,表明西方及受其学术思路影响学者的挟沙能力公式的建立多参照了推移质输沙公式思路,物理图形不符合黄河的悬移质输沙实际,故相比于常用国内学者公式,计算精度明显较低,难以满足多沙河流上工程计算需要。针对各公式的具体结构形式,本文将水流挟沙力公式表达为阻力系数项、水流动力项、泥沙因子倒数项与常数项的乘积,结合黄河土城子河段高精度水流挟沙力观测资料,辨析相关因子特征,认为西方学者及受其影响的水流挟沙力公式在结构上弱化了泥沙影响因素的作用,且大都存在水流挟沙力同阻力系数成正比的理论缺陷,难以体现河床和水流的自动调整作用,不能通过实测资料率定系数、指数的途径提高公式的使用价值。The calculation of sediment carrying capacity represents a pivotal aspect in the solution of theoretical and practical river-related issues.Western scholars have been engaged in this field for a longer period than domestic scholars,which has a profound impact on the evolution of the discipline.This paper presents a systematic review of the development of sediment carrying capacity formula in the West.It outlines the ideas behind the formula,the derivation process and the details of the treatment,and analyses the theoretical and practical value and defects.When tested against the measured data of the lower reaches of the Yellow River,the sand transport capacity formulas in the West are found less accurate than the formula used by domestic scholars,which makes them difficult to meet the needs of engineering calculations on sandy rivers.Each formula can be regarded as the product of four terms:resistance coefficient,hydrodynamic,inverse sediment factor,and constant.The Tuchengzi section of the Yellow River,which provides access to high-precision observation data,is used for subsequent analysis of the relevant factors.It is found that the formulas of Western scholars and those influenced by them weaken the role of sediment influencing factors in the formula structure.Furthermore,most of these formulas exhibited theoretical defects:assuming a proportional relationship between sediment carrying capacity and resistance coefficient.Furthermore,these formulas fail to accurately reflect the dynamic adjustments of riverbeds and water flow.Additionally,the determination of coefficients and indices through measured data does not effectively enhance the utility of these formulas.

关 键 词：水流挟沙力 公式剖析 水流阻力 

分 类 号：TV143.4[水利工程—水力学及河流动力学]