什么是原始积累?——一个关键概念来源的澄清  

What Was Primitive Accumulation?-Reconstructing the Origin of a Critical Concept

作　　者： 付蓉(译) William Clare Roberts;Fu Rong

机构地区：[1]麦吉尔大学 [2]武汉大学哲学学院

出　　处：《马克思主义哲学研究》2024年第2期101-108,365,共9页Marxist Philosophical Research

摘　　要：当前学界对正在持续进行的原始积累的重新解读是在两个前提下进行的。第一,他们认为马克思错误地将原始积累限定于资本主义最早的历史阶段中。第二,他们认为马克思以目的论的方式证明了原始积累是社会主义发展的一个必要阶段。本文认为,在当代关于工人阶级和社会主义策略的辩论中解读马克思关于原始积累的论述,可以驳斥上述两种观点。马克思将原始积累定义为“资本……的前史”,这并不是否认它的当代性,而是揭示了资本的运作与其他主体运作方式之间的差异。其他主体,特别是国家,对资本的发展来说是必要的,但其对资本本身而言是外部的。资本通过剥削劳动力进行积累,而国家需要资本积累以维持自身的存在,这重塑了原始积累的历史必要性。马克思指出,一旦资本积累的条件受到威胁,作为资本仆从式的代理人,资本主义国家就会毫不犹豫地施行暴力的原始积累。因此,当前对原始积累概念的重构可能抹除马克思的两个关键性洞见:(1)作为财富的资本;(2)资本与国家之间的关系。The ongoing critical redeployment of primitive accumulation proceeds under two premises.First,it is argued that Marx,erroneously,confined primitive accumulation to the earliest history of capitalism.Second,Marx is supposed to have teleologically justified primitive accumulation as a necessary precondition for socialist development.This article argues that reading Marx's account of primitive accumulation in the context of contemporaneous debates about working class and socialist strategy rebuts both of these criticisms.Marx's definition of primitive accumulation as the"prehistory of capital"does not deny its contemporaneity,but marks the distinction between the operations of capital and those of other agencies-especially the state-which are necessary,but also external,to capital itself.This same distinction between capital,which accumulates via the exploitation of labour-power,and the state,which becomes dependent upon capitalist accumulation for its own existence,recasts the historical necessity of primitive accumulation.Marx characterizes the modern state as the armed and servile agent of capital,willing to carry out primitive accumulation wherever the conditions of capitalist accumulation are threatened.Hence,the recent reconstructions risk obliterating Marx's key insights into the specificity of a(capital as a form of wealth and b)capital's relationship to the state.

关 键 词：资本主义 剥削 卡尔·马克思 原始积累 定居殖民主义 国家 

分 类 号：A81[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学] F091.91[经济管理—政治经济学] B03F014