清代大一统国家视野下的州县驿站财政  

Financial System of Post in Counties under the View of Grand Unification State of the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：刘文鹏[1] LIU Wen-peng(Institute of Qing History,Renmin University of China,Beijing,100872,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学清史研究所,北京100872

出　　处：《史学集刊》2025年第1期63-74,共12页Collected Papers of History Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“清代驿站史研究”(19ZDA207)。

摘　　要：清朝建立后意图以政府雇募的方式,取代明代以来驿站差役派诸民间的“民当”做法,为此对驿站财政进行了一番改革,但实际上,由于经费短缺,强制性摊派屡禁不绝。及至清代晚期,因大规模战争的压力,州县向百姓摊派更多的额外驿站差徭,使得州县驿站财政发生结构性变化。以河南为例,在官绅合作下,州县组建以车马局为代表的非正式机构,系统管理境内驿站差徭的摊派和使用,由此建立起国家制度之外的额外财政体系。驿站额外财政的产生和发展,是清中后期州县驿站财政转型的结果,它大幅提升了大一统国家汲取基层资源的能力,为近代州县地方财政的形成奠定了基础。After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty,the government adopted the method of recruitment to replace the practice of distributing post corvee to common people since the Ming Dynasty by reforming the post station finance.However,due to the shortage of funds,compulsory apportionment still persisted despite repeated bans.In the late Qing Dynasty,as large-scale wars led to busy corvee,county governments imposed additional post station corvee on the common people,which brought about structural changes in the post station finance.Taking Henan Province as an example,under the cooperation between officials and local gentry,the county organized informal institutions represented by the Chema Bureau(车马局,an institution in charge of vehicles and horses)to systematically manage the apportionment and use of additional post station corvee within its territory,thus establishing an additional fiscal system outside the national system.The emergence and development of the additional post station fiscal system was the result of the transformation of the county post station finance in the middle and late Qing Dynasty.It significantly enhanced the ability of the Grand Unification State to extract resources from the grassroots level and laid the foundation for the formation of modern county local finance.

关 键 词：清代 州县 驿站财政 车马局 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学] F812.9[历史地理—中国史]