略论唐代宰相制度  

A Study of Prime Minister System of the Tang Dynasty

作　　者：孟宪实[1] MENG Xian-shi(School of History,Renmin University of China,Beijing,100872,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学历史学院,北京100872

出　　处：《史学集刊》2025年第1期88-97,共10页Collected Papers of History Studies

摘　　要：在中国古代政治制度史中,宰相制度无疑是一个重要课题。众所周知,在讨论中国的皇帝制度时,有一个重要的观点是讨论“君权”与“相权”的斗争,而君权的不断增长、相权的不断被削弱,正是君主专制持续发展的重要途径。事实上,各个时期的宰相制度既有变迁,又各具特色,从每个朝代的宰相制度是否能够得出君主专制获得发展的结论,显然是需要具体论证的。唐代宰相制度的研究,通常是在三省制的背景下展开的,而唐代的宰相制度也有自己的发展变化。唐代宰相制度经过三个历史时期,政事堂时期是兼职宰相时期,中书门下时期是专职宰相时期。自唐后期至北宋,是首相制时期。唐代宰相制度的变化,是不是君相斗争的结果?而从兼职宰相到专职宰相再到首相制,宰相的职权明显是处在加强的进程中,按照君相斗争的习惯思路,难道是君主在君相斗争中败下阵来?恐怕不能得出这样的结论。此外,唐宋历史的关系,向来有“唐宋变革论”,强调唐宋之别,但从宰相制度来看,唐宋历史的联系性似乎更突出。The prime minister system in ancient China is surely a significant topic in the history of ancient Chinese political system.Widely known is the focus on the struggle between“imperial power”and“prime minister power”when discussing the imperial system in China.The former's progressive expansion and the latter's continuous weakening were key to the continuous development of autocratic monarchy.In fact,the prime minister system in different periods had changes and distinct features.It's clearly necessary to specifically argue whether conclusions about the development of autocratic monarchy can be drawn from it in each dynasty.The study of the Tang Dynasty's prime minister system is usually in the context of the Three Department System.It went through three historical periods:the part-time prime minister system was implemented in the Zhengshitang(政事堂)era,the full-time one in the Zhongshu Menxia(中书门下)era,and the prime minister system continued from the late Tang Dynasty through the Five Dynasties to the Northern Song Dynasty.Were the changes in the Tang Dynasty's prime minister system due to the struggle between the monarch and the prime minister?In the shift from part-time to full-time and then to the prime minister system,the prime ministers’power was clearly strengthened.Then,according to the conventional thinking of the struggle between the monarch and the prime minister,did it mean that the monarch was defeated?It is doubtful whether such conclusions can be drawn.Moreover,regarding the Tang-Song relationship,there's the“Tang-Song Transformation Theory”emphasizing differences between the two dynasties.However,from the perspective of prime minister system,their historical connection seems more prominent.

关 键 词：唐代 政事堂 中书门下 首相制 

分 类 号：K242[历史地理—历史学] D691.4[历史地理—中国史]