联邦权与州权的平衡:约翰·马歇尔对州治安权的阐释及其运用  

The Balance of Federal and State Powers:John Marshall's Interpretation and Application of State Police Power

作　　者：郭巧华 GUO Qiao-hua(School of Sociology and History,Fujian Normal University,Fuzhou,Fujian,350007,China)

机构地区：[1]福建师范大学社会历史学院,福建福州350007

出　　处：《史学集刊》2025年第1期121-132,共12页Collected Papers of History Studies

摘　　要：约翰·马歇尔是美国第四任首席大法官。在早期美国州权主义强势、政党纷争不已的背景下,他带领最高法院的同仁,通过对宪法文本的阐释,极大地加强了联邦权,削弱了州权,引发了州权主义者的猛烈批评。不过,马歇尔并非积极的国家主义者,他在相关案件中对州治安权的阐释及其案例判决表明,马歇尔及这一时期最高法院的大法官们都清楚地意识到,各州在其治安权的管辖范围内,依然行使着州内治理等大量政府功能,应该予以肯定和支持。实际上,联邦保有宪法列举的必要且至上的权力,而各州保留剩余的权力,联邦权与州权平衡互动,这不仅是制宪精英们的意图,也是现实的需求。John Marshall,the fourth Chief Justice of the United States,played a pivotal role in expanding federal power while limiting the authority of the states through his interpretation of the Constitution.This approach sparked strong opposition from advocates of states’rights.Despite this,Marshall was not an aggressive nationalist.His rulings on cases involving state police power revealed that he,along with his fellow justices,recognized the important role states played in governing within their police powers.These powers,they believed,should be preserved and respected.In practice,the federal government exercises the powers expressly granted by the Constitution,while states retain authority over matters not explicitly delegated.This dynamic,characterized by a balance of federal and state powers,reflects both the framers’intentions and the practical demands of governance.

关 键 词：美国最高法院 约翰·马歇尔 州治安权 联邦权 

分 类 号：D971.2[政治法律—法学] D771.2