吐蕃墓室上的木杆考  

Wooden Poles on the Tombs of the Tubo

作　　者：尕藏扎西 Kalsang Tashi(Teaching and Research Department of Ethnic and Religious Studies,Party School of Qinghai Province,Xining,Qinghai 810001)

机构地区：[1]青海省委党校民族宗教学教研部,青海西宁810001

出　　处：《西藏大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第4期40-48,共9页Journal of Tibet University

基　　金：2022年度国家社会科学基金一般项目“喜饶嘉措大师名著《龙树中论奥义略论·无畏狮子吼》翻译与研究”阶段性成果,项目号:22BZJ030。

摘　　要：《唐书》等信史所载吐蕃墓颠竖立木杆之习俗,在敦煌古藏文写卷中可以找到可互证的记载,故可推断此俗确为吐蕃葬仪之一重要部分。廓清这一墓上建筑之象征意义,不仅对于研究吐蕃时期的丧葬文化具有重要意义,且对研判吐蕃时期的宗教形态具有重要价值。惟有将此俗置于彼时的宗教形态和文化语境中去考察,才有可能作出较为合理的解释。敦煌古藏文写卷P.T.1134恰好为破解此问题提供了关键线索,其中所载之“八方墓场建于苍穹、四方墓室建于大地”之陵墓空间结构,正是冢颠竖立四根木杆、其端饰以“屋檐”之寓意所在。即,大地上所建之四方墓室(可见的、实有的)和苍穹中所建之八方墓场(虚拟的、不可见的)是相对应的,共同构成了一个天地合盖、融为一体、上下立体贯通的陵墓空间。这种陵墓结构设计与苯教杜尔仪式中超度灵魂上天界之观念及十三层宇宙观存在紧密关联,可谓苯教灵魂观和宇宙观的某种隐喻或外显形式。The custom of erecting wooden poles on the tombs in the Tubo Period recorded in Chinese historical books such as the Book of Tang can also be found in the ancient Tibetan scrolls in Dunhuang,so it can be seen that this custom is indeed an important part of Tubo's funeral rituals.To clarify the symbolic significance of the custom is not only of great significance to the study of the funeral culture in the Tubo period,but also of great value to the analysis of the religious form in the Tubo period.Only by placing this custom in the religious form and cultural context of the Tubo period can we give a more reasonable explanation of it.The ancient Tibetan scroll P.T.1134 in Dunhuang provides a key clue for the origin of the custom.The spatial structure of the tombs recorded in it is like"the eight-sided tombs were built in the heaven and the four-sided tombs were built on the earth".The four poles represent the eaves of a chamber.This kind of tomb structure design is closely related to the concept of transcendental soul and the 13-layer cosmology in the Bon's aDur ritual,which can be described as some kind of metaphor or explicit form of the view of soul and universe in the Bon religion.

关 键 词：吐蕃 墓室 木杆 苯教 宇宙观 

分 类 号：K878.8[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]