长期施肥对红壤双季稻系统氮素盈亏和土壤碱解氮的影响  

Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Nitrogen Surplus and Deficit and Soil Alkali-Hydrolyzed Nitrogen in Red Soil Double-Cropping Rice System

作　　者：胡丹丹 宋惠洁 段英华[2] 吴艳 胡志华 徐小林 张文菊[2] 何小林 柳开楼 苏鹏 黄群招 HU DanDan;SONG HuiJie;DUAN YingHua;WU Yan;HU ZhiHhua;XU XiaoLin;ZHANG WenJu;HE XiaoLin;LIU KaiLou;SU Peng;HUANG QunZhao(Jiangxi Institute of Red Soil and Germplasm Resources/Key Laboratory of Acidified Soil Amelioration and Utilization,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Nanchang 331717;Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081;Jiangxi Agricultural Technology Extension Center,Nanchang 330046;Shangrao Agricultural,Forestry and Water Science Research Center,Shangrao 334000,Jiangxi;Meizhou Agricultural Comprehensive Service Center,Meizhou 514000,Guangdong)

机构地区：[1]江西省红壤及种质资源研究所/农业农村部酸化土改良与利用重点实验室,南昌331717 [2]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081 [3]江西省农业技术推广中心,南昌330046 [4]上饶市农林水科学研究中心,江西上饶334000 [5]梅州市农业综合服务中心,广东梅州514000

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2024年第24期4907-4918,I0001,共13页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家科技基础资源调查专项课题(2021FY100504);江西省重点研发计划“揭榜挂帅”项目(20223BBF61020);江西省双千计划项目(jxsq2020102116);江西省高层次高技能领军人才培养工程(2021-49)。

摘　　要：【目的】分析不同氮肥管理条件下水稻的产量、氮肥吸收利用率以及氮素表观平衡与土壤碱解氮的量化关系,更全面地了解长期施肥对土壤肥力的影响,为红壤稻田高效生产和科学氮素管理提供理论指导。【方法】依托红壤双季稻长期施肥定位试验(始于1981年,位于江西省进贤县),选取不施肥(CK)、施氮磷化肥(NP)、施氮钾化肥(NK)、施氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、施氮磷钾化肥和有机肥(NPKM)等5个处理,调查分析每季水稻的籽粒和秸秆产量、氮素吸收量,晚稻后分析耕层土壤碱解氮含量,并以10年为一个阶段,计算并分析水稻氮素吸收量、氮肥利用率、氮素表观平衡以及耕层土壤碱解氮的变化。【结果】在试验40年间(1981—2020年),NPKM处理的水稻产量及氮素吸收量均为最高,较CK分别增加65.9%—108.4%和85.1%—132.5%,较化肥处理(NPK、NK和NP)分别增加19.3%—92.1%和19.4%—99.8%,均差异显著。随试验年限的增加,化肥处理的氮肥利用率逐渐降低,NPKM处理在前30年(1981—2010年)也呈降低趋势,但降低速率较化肥处理小,在近10年(2011—2020年)则有所升高,且由前10年(1981—1990年)所有处理中最低,到近10年升为最高,较化肥处理增加25.3%—271.2%。氮素盈余量在试验40年间最高均为NPKM处理,较化肥处理增幅为137.1%—577.2%,但在后30年(1991—2020年)间,其氮素盈余量随着试验年限的增加呈逐渐降低趋势。试验40年间土壤碱解氮含量最高的均为NPKM处理,较CK增加7.1%—24.4%,但前10年差异不显著,较化肥处理增加11.0%—35.2%,而化肥处理与CK则始终无显著差异。相关性分析显示,在后20年(2001—2020年)间,氮素盈余量与土壤碱解氮含量显著正相关。【结论】在红壤双季稻系统,随施肥年限的增加,有机无机肥配施对水稻产量、氮素吸收量、氮肥吸收利用率和土壤碱解氮含量的提升效果最佳,同时,长期施肥导致的氮素盈余量增�【Objective】The analysis of rice yield,nitrogen use efficiency and the quantitative relationship between apparent nitrogen balance and soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen under different nitrogen fertilizer management conditions could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of long-term fertilization on soil fertility,so as to provide the theoretical guidance for efficient production and scientific nitrogen management of red soil paddy fields.【Method】Based on the red soil double cropping rice long-term fertilization positioning experiment(started in 1981,located in Jinxian County,Jiangxi Province),five treatments were selected:no fertilizer(CK),nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer(NP),nitrogen and potassium fertilizer(NK),nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer(NPK),nitrogen,phosphorus and organic fertilizer(NPKM),and then the grain and straw yield and nitrogen uptake of rice in each season were investigated and analyzed,and the soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content was analyzed after late rice.The nitrogen uptake,nitrogen utilization rate,nitrogen apparent balance and the changes of soil alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen were calculated and analyzed on a 10-year basis.【Result】During the 40 years of experiment(1981-2020),the rice yield and nitrogen uptake under NPKM treatment were the highest,increased by 65.9%-108.4% and 85.1%-132.5% compared with CK,respectively,and increased by 19.3%-92.1% and 19.4%-99.8% compared with fertilizer treatments(NPK,NK and NP),respectively,showing significant differences.With the increase of the experimental period,the nitrogen use efficiency of fertilizer treatment gradually decreased,and the NPKM treatment also showed a decreasing trend in the first 30 years(1981-2010),but the rate was slower than that of fertilizer treatment,and increased in the recent 10 years(2011-2020),and from the lowest in the first 10 years(1981-1990) to the highest in the recent 10 years,increased by 25.3%-271.2% compared with fertilizer treatment.The nitrogen surplus was the highes

关 键 词：红壤 长期施肥 双季稻 氮素表观平衡 土壤碱解氮 

分 类 号：S511.42[农业科学—作物学] S153