“比”制与汉代制度的形成逻辑——以张家山M336《功令》为中心  

Bi and the Formation Logic of Han Dynasty Institutions:Centered on the Zhangjiashan M336 Gongling

作　　者：张官鑫 ZHANG Guanxin

机构地区：[1]清华大学历史系

出　　处：《社会科学》2024年第12期57-70,共14页Journal of Social Sciences

基　　金：古文字与中华文明传承发展工程“中国文书简的理论研究与体系构建”(项目编号:G1424)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《功令》中存在关于汉初官吏平级调动的规定,有秩乘车以下在职位出缺时,各级管理者可通过功次调回在外做官的同级别官吏,以解决其离家过远的问题。在《功令》令九十二中,长信詹事在管辖汤沐邑时,借助官吏个别的陈请、通课迁补和优先平调原则,引导本就对行政成本问题有所关注的汉文帝做出决策,最终将有秩乘车管理权限移交给内史。这一变化导致了制度的连锁反应,原本针对个别情况的特殊令文经过“比”逐步影响全局,使得各詹事及太子汤沐邑有秩乘车以下管理权限逐步移交给对应的郡国、内史。“比”制为寻求制度变革提供了技术路径。组织秩序中皇帝、朝臣、小吏等行动者的不同诉求共同推动了制度的动态演化。The Gongling contains provisions on the lateral transfer of officials in the early Han Dynasty.When there was a vacancy for officials below the rank of Youzhi chengche, managers at all levels could transfer similarly ranked officials serving elsewhere through a merit-based process(gongci), in order to address the issue of officials being stationed too far from home. In Gongling Article 92, the Zhanshi of Changxin, while overseeing Tangmuyi, influenced Emperor Wen of Han, who was already concerned about cost issues, by utilizing individual requests, performance assessments, and preferential lateral transfers. This eventually led to the transfer of management authority over Youzhi chengche to the Neishi. This shift triggered a systemic chain reaction.The special order, originally aimed at specific situations, gradually influenced the broader system through the mechanism of Bi, resulting in the transfer of management authority over Youzhi chengche below the level of the Zhanshi and the Crown Prince's Tangmuyi to the corresponding commanderies and the Neishi. Bi provided a technical pathway for seeking institutional reform. The different demands of actors such as the emperor, court ministers, and minor officials within the organizational structure jointly drove the dynamic evolution of the system.

关 键 词：汉代 《功令》 功劳制 优先平调 “比”制 

分 类 号：K234[历史地理—历史学]