担保功能主义:理论内核及其适用挑战  

Functional Security Interests: Theoretical Core and Its Application Challenges

作　　者：王乐兵 WANG Lebing

机构地区：[1]对外经济贸易大学涉外法治研究院

出　　处：《社会科学》2024年第12期163-175,共13页Journal of Social Sciences

基　　金：北京市社会科学重点项目“加快推进涉外法治体系建设”(项目编号:24LLFXB055)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《民法典》及配套司法解释从形式和实质上构建了我国功能主义担保的制度框架,实现了对非典型担保的功能化改造。对功能主义担保的理解和适用需要清醒的理论认知。《民法典》对功能主义担保理论的引入蕴含着优化营商环境、消除隐性担保、便利融资的政策目标。动产担保登记体系的构建不能完全实现消除隐性担保的目标,仍须借助“实质大于形式”的担保交易定性原则,由此,功能主义担保权益的定性不再单纯由当事人的合同意思决定,而是由其寻求实现的监管目标所决定。在对非典型担保予以规范的前提下,《民法典》通过强化债务人权利,并以担保物权实现逻辑统摄违约救济,有效平衡了债权人和债务人的利益。表面所有权理论和善意买受人规则的优先适用,推动了功能主义担保从传统的财产权到优先顺位权利的转变,但也对债权实现造成了现实挑战。功能主义担保的立法技术同时也是其法律适用所面临的挑战的来源,未来将考验司法机关的法律适用技术。The Civil Code and the Judicial Interpretation on functional security interests have together constructed the legal framework of functional security interests in form and substance, and thus realized functional transformation of the non-typical secured transactions. The understanding and application of the functional secured interests calls for a clear theoretical recognition. The introduction of functional security interests aims to contribute to the improvement of business environment, elimination of secret lien and facilitating the secured financing. The recording system for movable property cannot radically eliminate the secret lien, and it still needs the application of the principle of “Substance over Form” for the re-characterization of security interests. For this reason, the recharacterization of security interests is determined not only by the contractual intent of the parties, but also by the regulatory aims of the legislative authority. Through the governance of the non-typical secured transactions, the Civil Code has achieved an equilibrium of interests between the creditor and debtor, through strengthening the rights of debtor and applying the rules of enforcement of security interests in case of breach of contract, as a remedy for the creditors. The application of the theory of Ostensible Ownership and purchaser of good faith have promoted the transformation of functional security interests from traditional property rights to priority rights, which in contrast imposes a practical threat to the realization of the interests of creditors. At the same time, the legislative technique is also the source of problems in its application of law, which will test the application technique of the court in the future.

关 键 词：功能主义担保 所有权保留 融资租赁 保理 表面所有权 

分 类 号：D923.2[政治法律—民商法学]