论特殊防卫中“行凶”的认定  

On the Judicial Identifi cation of “Assault” in Special Defense

作　　者：储陈城[1] CHU Chencheng

机构地区：[1]安徽大学法学院

出　　处：《社会科学》2024年第12期176-187,共12页Journal of Social Sciences

摘　　要：司法实践中正当防卫的成立面临重重障碍,其中“行凶”的认定备受限制是关键原因。通过“凶器持有说”限制“行凶”的认定缺乏目的解释论的支持;以“动态综合考察说”判断“行凶”对防卫人过于苛刻,不具有期待可能性;根据“形式实质判断结合说”认定“行凶”违背了实质解释的目标方向。“行凶”应具有统摄其他不法侵害类型的功能,“杀人”“抢劫”“强奸”“绑架”是刑法对需重点关注的“行凶”行为进行的特别列举。“严重危及”“人身安全”和“暴力犯罪”是对“行凶”特征的描述,应进行合目的的解释。“行凶”的构造包括“手段要件”和“危险要件”,依“手段要件”的不同,由重到轻分为三种类型:“使用致命性凶器型行凶”“使用非致命性凶器型行凶”和“未使用凶器型行凶”。不同种类的“行凶”所匹配的“危险要件”程度有所不同。通过对“行凶”进行尽可能的具体化判断,可以最大限度地激活特殊防卫的保障功能。In judicial practice, the establishment of legitimate defense faces many obstacles, and one of the key reasons is that the determination of “assault” is highly restricted. The limitation on the determination of “assault” through the “murder weapon possession” lacks the support of the interpretation theory based on purpose.It's too harsh for the defender to judge “assault” through “dynamic comprehensive examination” which doesn't have the possibility of anticipation. Determining “assault” according to the “combination of formal and substantive judgment” runs counter to the objective direction of substantive interpretation. “Assault” should have the function of integrating other types of unlawful invasion. “Murder”, “robbery”, “rape” and “kidnapping” are special enumerations of the criminal law to focus on the “assault” behavior. “Serious endangerment”, “personal safety” and “violent crime” are the characteristics of “assault” and should be interpreted to fit the purpose. The construction of “assault” includes the “means element” and the “danger element”, and is divided into three types from the most severe to the least severe according to the “means element”: “assault with a lethal weapon”, “assault with a nonlethal weapon” and “assault without the use of a weapon”. Different types of “assault” are matched with different levels of “danger element”. By making a formalized judgment of “assault” as much as possible, the safeguard function of special defense can be activated to the greatest extent.

关 键 词：正当防卫 特殊防卫 防卫过当 行凶 凶器 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]