行星与宇宙:国际法中的自足制度  

Of Planets and the Universe: Self-contained Regimes in International Law

作　　者：布鲁诺·西马 德克·普尔科夫斯基 傅煌安(译) 林晨阳(译) Bruno Simma;Dirk Pulkowski;Fu Huang'an;Lin Chenyang

机构地区：[1]《欧洲国际法杂志》 [2]欧洲国际法学会 [3]北约法律事务办公室 [4]华东政法大学国际法学院

出　　处：《国际经济法学刊》2024年第4期1-33,共33页Journal of International Economic Law

基　　金：2023年华东政法大学博士生学术研究项目“国际法的体系性与体系解释研究”(2023-2-005)的研究成果。

摘　　要：当代法律实践要求在复杂的法律规范体系中确定规则的位阶。随着国际法扩展到贸易、环境和人权等不同领域,违反国际法义务的后果变得更加难以评估。本文探讨了特别法优先原则在关于国家责任的一般国际法中作为有效确定特殊的次级规则的工具意义。在关于国家责任的一般规则是否可以补充适用的问题上,自足制度存在的“概念性”论点缺乏说服力,国家责任的一般规则仍将适用。不论是认为国际法中存在统一的法律秩序而推定关于国家责任的一般国际法具有可适用性的观点,还是认为国际法不过是一些松散的子制度的结合而推定国际法特殊制度具有封闭性的观点都无法解决问题,因为它们都倾向于将法律决策中不可避免的价值判断模糊化。相反,将一般国际法作为补充(包括诉诸反措施等)具有规范上的合理性。最后,本文深入分析了外交法、欧共体法、WTO法和人权法等四个经常与自足制度相联系的子制度。Contemporary legal practice requires the allocation of authority within a complex system of legal prescriptions.As international law has extended to areas as diverse as trade,environmental regulation and human rights,the consequences of breach of international legal obligations become more difficult to assess.The authors probe the role of the lex specialis maxim as a tool for the effective placing of special secondary rules within the general international law of state responsibility.The central question is:Are the general rules on state responsibility to apply residually?The authors answer in the affirmative.‘Conceptual’arguments for so-called self-contained regimes are unconvincing.Scholars who perceive international law as a unified legal order might be led to apply a presumption in favour of the applicability of the general international law of state responsibility.Scholars who regard international law as no more than the sum total of loosely interrelated subsystems tend to advocate a presumption in favour of the normative closure of a particular regime.In the authors'view,neither presumption is helpful,since both tend to obfuscate the value judgments that legal decision-making inevitably involves.Instead,the authors propose that a fallback on general international law,including resort to countermeasures,may be justified on normative grounds.A closer analysis of four subsystems that have often been associated with the notion of self-contained regimes-diplomatic law,European Community law,the WTO and human rights-concludes the discussion.

关 键 词：自足制度 特别法优先原则 国家责任制度 反措施 国际法体系 

分 类 号：D99[政治法律—国际法学]