FSIA下自由裁量权例外的规则解构与中国因应  

The FSIA's Discretionary Exception:Rule Deconstruction and China's Response Strategies

作　　者：吴琪[1] Wu Qi

机构地区：[1]苏州大学王健法学院

出　　处：《国际经济法学刊》2024年第4期136-154,共19页Journal of International Economic Law

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“中国法律在域外法院的适用研究”(21BFX159)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：自由裁量权例外是FSIA下非商业侵权行为例外的例外情形。在完整侵权行为规则不断受到挑战的背景下,这一“例外的例外”为外国政府提供了另一重保护。自由裁量权例外的适用应当符合两个条件:(1)该行为属于自由裁量行为;(2)该行为应当是国会立法旨在保护的,基于经济、社会、政策等目的进行的行为。然而,这一规则不仅高度依附FTCA的对应规则,也高度依附行政机关意见。这种规则的不安定性,根植于FSIA侵权例外的立法逻辑缺陷,造成了自由裁量权例外的合法性危机。然而,自由裁量权例外依旧是保护我国豁免权的有力武器。FSIA判例法和FTCA对应规则的框架限制了自由裁量权例外规则的解释限度。因此,在应对将我国列为被告的外国诉讼时,我国不仅应当关注自由裁量权例外本身,还应当关注FTCA相应规则的发展情况;同时,我国还可利用美国司法与政治的张力、美国司法体系的上诉不平衡现象等优化应对法律预案。另外,自由裁量权例外的发展也为我国豁免法侵权例外提供了构建指引。The discretionary exception is an exception to the non-commercial tort exception under the FSIA.This exception provides foreign governments with another layer of protection when entire tort doctrine is being challenged fiercely.The application of the discretionary exception should meet two criteria:(1)the act or omission is discretionary in nature;(2)the act should be based on economic,social,policy and other purposes,and covered by the legislative purpose of the Congress.Nevertheless,the rule is not only highly dependent on the parallel rule under the FTCA,but also highly dependent on the opinions of administrative agencies,ledding to the instability of and the legitimacy crisis of discretionary exception.The reason is the legislative logic flaw in the FSIA infringement exception.However,the discretionary exception remains a powerful weapon protecting our country's immunity.The standard of criteria is still strictly guided by the FTCA's discretionary functional exception and following the FSIA precedents.Therefore,when responding as a defendant,we should not only utilize the discretionary exception but also pay attention to the development of the FTCA's discretionary function exception;at the same time,we should also utilize the conflict between judicial and political in the United States,such as asymmetric appeal,etc.,to optimize the response strategies.In addition,the development of the discretionary exception provides guidelines for the litigations of the tort exception in Chinese immunity law.

关 键 词：主权豁免 管辖豁免 《外国主权豁免法》 非商业侵权行为例外 自由裁量权例外 

分 类 号：D996[政治法律—经济法学] D992[政治法律—国际法学]