指称和陈述对汉语复合构词的底层制约  

The underlying constraints of designation and assertion on Chinese compound word-formation

作　　者：孟凯[1] MENG Kai

机构地区：[1]北京语言大学国际中文教育研究院

出　　处：《世界汉语教学》2025年第1期23-36,共14页Chinese Teaching in the World

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目(项目编号:22JJD740001);北京语言大学梧桐创新平台项目(中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金,20PT01)支持。

摘　　要：指称和陈述这组相对概念体现了名词和动词内在本质功能的差异。本文以动宾式和偏正式复合词为研究对象,从四个侧面探讨指称和陈述在汉语复合构词中的底层制约性。1)从隐含到呈现的动宾式复合词双音化中,指称性隐含成分负载的命名性和相关动作行为的唯一性,与陈述性隐含成分的功能性不同,这决定了二者从隐含到呈现的特点也不同。2)在定中式或动宾式复合词中,居于后位的单音结果类成分,指称性N(如“疮、像”)和陈述性V(如“称、雕”)会影响其对前位成分的形类选择,也会制约整词的结构关系和成分间的语义关系。3)充当偏正式复合词的修饰成分时,稳定、恒久的指称性N比动态、临时的陈述性V更适于做定中式复合词的定语成分;在状中式复合词中,N、V所充当的状语成分有同有异,所构复合词的能产性有别。4)在句法层面,两类构词方式不同的VN定中式复合词(名源的“飞机”类和动源的“炒面”类)在“VN定中式复合词+N_(中心)”和“来……了”两种句法环境中被解读为名词、动词或名动皆可的倾向性不同。这四个侧面体现出指称和陈述在双音化(单→双)、动宾式与偏正式共词、相同语法成分的选择等方面的制约性。The dichotomy of designation and assertion,which reflects the inherent differences between nouns and verbs,imposes underlying constraints on Chinese compound word-formation.This paper takes compound words of verb-object and modifier-head configurations as the research objects to discuss the subject issue from four aspects.1)In the disyllabic verb-object compound words that have undergone the process‘from implying to presenting’,the nomination of designation components and the uniqueness of related actions are different from the function of assertion components,which determines their respective characteristics.2)In verb-object or attribute-head compound words,Nmono-result(such as chuang(疮),xiang(像))or Vmono-result(such as cheng(称),diao(雕))in the right position can select the form class of the preceding component,as well as the structural relation of the whole word and the semantic relation between components.3)When N or V serves as the modifier of modifier-head compound words,the stable and permanent N is more suitable for the attributive component than the dynamic and temporary V;in adverbial-head compound words,N and V serve as adverbials of the same or different types,and impact the productivity of compound words accordingly.4)In syntactic structures,two types of VN attribute-head compound words(respectively represented by feiji(飞机)with direct word-formation and chaomian(炒面)with verb-object conversion)behave differently in the phrase of‘VN attribute-head compound word+head’and the sentence of‘lai…le’(来……了).These four aspects embody the underlying constraints of designation and assertion on disyllablization,co-wording in verb-object and attribute-head,and selection of the same grammatical components.

关 键 词：复合构词 指称 陈述 动宾式 偏正式 底层制约 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]