《天盛律令》中的“大食”考  

An Examination of the Term“Dashi”in The Modified and Re-approved Code in the Period of Tiansheng in Xixia Dynasty

作　　者：彭向前[1,2] 赫佳杰 PENG Xiangqian;HE Jiajie(School of Ethnology and Historiography,Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,China;Academy of Xixia Studies,Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,China)

机构地区：[1]宁夏大学民族与历史学院,宁夏银川750021 [2]宁夏大学西夏学研究院,宁夏银川750021

出　　处：《内蒙古民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第1期7-12,共6页Journal of Inner Mongolia Minzu University:Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“辽宋西夏金时期的‘中国观’研究”(项目编号:22VRC120);教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“民族交往交流交融视域下西夏物质文化研究”(项目编号:22JJD770048)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：西夏王朝制定的《天盛律令》多处提到“大食”,学界一度误认为西夏与阿拉伯国家关系密切。“大食”是唐代中国对西亚地区出现的阿拉伯帝国的称呼,此外北宋初年葱岭一带出现的喀喇汗王朝,在汉文史籍中多称之为“大石”,有时也称之为“大食”。历史上大食一词自西向东扩延,指称范围的最东端就是喀喇汗王朝。西夏文献中的“大食”或“大石”,并非指阿拉伯国家,而指喀喇汗王朝。西夏后期给予喀喇汗王朝与西州回鹘同等的地位,将他们派来的使者、商人一并称之为“客人”,待遇明显优于别国。西夏僻在西北一隅,以其国力物力,不可能远与阿拉伯国家“写转传牒诏”,直接进行商贸往来。西夏在贸易伙伴的选择上绕过喀喇汗王朝,舍近求远,也不符合当时丝路贸易以“中转”贸易为主的事实。《天盛律令》中的“大食”实指称喀喇汗王朝,西夏与阿拉伯帝国没有直接的商贸往来,对这个问题的澄清,有助于我们进一步认识两宋时期中西交通的总体状况。The Modified and Re-approved Code in the Period of Tiansheng in Xixia Dynasty formulated by the Xixia Dynasty frequently mention the term“Dashi”.Scholars have long mistakenly believed this to indicate close relations between Xixia and Arab states.“Dashi”was not only the Tang Dynasty’s term for the Arab Empire that emerged in West Asia,but also the Northern Song Dynasty’s term for the Karakhanid,located near the Pamirs.Historically,the term“Dashi”extended from west to east,with its easternmost reference being the Karakhanid.In Xixia documents,“Dashi”does not refer to Arab states but rather to the Karakhanid.In the later Xixia period,the Karakhanid was accorded equal status with the Xizhou Uyghurs,and their envoys and merchants were collectively referred to as“guests”,enjoying treatment superior to that of other nations.Given Xixia’s geographical location and limited resources,it was unlikely to engage in direct diplomatic correspondence or trade with Arab states.Choosing distant Arab states over the closer Karakhanid as trade partners also contradicts the historical reality of Silk Road trade,which relied primarily on intermediary trade.Thus,the“Dashi”in The Modified and Re-approved Code in the Period of Tiansheng in Xixia Dynasty specifically refers to the Karakhanid,and there was no direct trade relationship between Xixia and the Arab Empire.Clarifying this issue enhances our understanding of Sino-Western interactions during the Song period.

关 键 词：西夏 《天盛律令》 大食 喀喇汗王朝 

分 类 号：K246.3[历史地理—历史学]