论罗尔斯国际正义理论的内在缺陷  

On the Inherent Defects in Rawls’Theory of International Justice

作　　者：孙一令 SUN Yiling(School of Management,Inner Mongolia Minzu University,Tongliao 028043,China)

机构地区：[1]内蒙古民族大学管理学院,内蒙古通辽028043

出　　处：《内蒙古民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第1期47-55,共9页Journal of Inner Mongolia Minzu University:Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition

摘　　要：继提出国家内部的正义原则之后,罗尔斯在《万民法》中讨论了国家与国家之间的正义原则。罗尔斯在国际层面两次运用“原初状态”提出国际正义的八项原则,罗列了万民社会的五种人民形态;通过组织有序的人民对贫困国家的“援助义务”以及对法外国家发动“正义战争”来论证保护人权的理论目的,从而实现世界和平稳定的终极目标。罗尔斯虽然将“人民”作为国际正义理论的主体,但是仅仅对这一基本概念进行了侧面描述并未给予明确的定义,这种主体模糊性降低了理论的说服力。罗尔斯虽然以“人民”这一集体主义概念作为理论主体和出发点,但是以“人权”这一个人主义观念作为理论目的和落脚点,导致国际正义理论的内部结构存在一定程度的不协调。罗尔斯为了使大多数国家认可和接受“万民法”而选择妥协,将作为理论目的的基本人权清单设置得极为简单,表明他所谓的国际正义理论更注重和平而非正义。罗尔斯的国际正义理论是一种典型的西方中心主义思想,没有跳出自由主义政治理论通过超时代、超阶级的分析来评价社会问题的历史局限性。Following his proposal of principles of justice within a nation,Rawls explored principles of justice between nations in The Law of Peoples.At the international level,Rawls employed the“original position”twice to propose eight principles of international justice and outlined five types of peoples in a universal society.He argued for the theoretical purpose of protecting human rights through the“duty of assistance”provided by well-ordered peoples to impoverished countries and“just wars”against outlaw states,aiming ultimately to achieve global peace and stability.However,Rawls’theory has several inherent defects.First,while Rawls designates“peoples”as the central subject of his theory,he offers only a cursory description without providing a clear definition of this fundamental concept,leading to ambiguity that undermines the theory’s persuasiveness.Second,Rawls employs the collectivist concept of“peoples”as the theoretical foundation and starting point but adopts the individualistic concept of“human rights”as the theoretical objective,resulting in a degree of internal inconsistency within the theory.Third,to gain broader acceptance of The Law of Peoples,Rawls compromises by simplifying the list of basic human rights as the theoretical endpoint,prioritizing peace over justice in his international justice framework.Finally,Rawls’theory of international justice reflects a typical Western-centric ideology.It remains confined by the historical limitations of liberal political theory,failing to transcend temporal and class-based perspectives in evaluating social issues.

关 键 词：万民法 国际正义 罗尔斯 人民 人权 

分 类 号：D091.5[政治法律—政治学]