论经济制裁中的央行财产豁免  

Immunity Concerning the Property of Central Banks in Economic Sanctions

作　　者：杜涛[1] 胡洋铭 DU Tao;HU Yang-ming(School of International Law,East China University of Political Science and Law,Shanghai 200042,China)

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学国际法学院,上海200042

出　　处：《上海对外经贸大学学报》2025年第1期62-79,共18页Journal of Shanghai University of International Business and Economics

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“中国特色社会主义对外关系法律体系构建研究”(项目编号:19ZDA167)的资助。

摘　　要：位于外国境内的央行财产在国际法上享有执行豁免权,但近年却成为经济制裁的实施对象。随着对央行财产的制裁越发普遍,执行豁免在经济制裁领域的适用问题也变得愈发突出。尽管《联合国国家及其财产管辖豁免公约》(《公约》)强调执行豁免发生于法院诉讼中,但同时对免于执行的“司法措施”进行了扩大解释,这使得执行豁免得以适用于部分具有“准司法性”的制裁措施。我国在解释《外国国家豁免法》中的“司法强制措施”时,应与《公约》保持一致,将执行豁免范围划定为旨在确保法律得以强制执行的一切“司法性行为”,进而为人民币作为国际货币的安全性提供必要法律保障。针对外国对华实施的央行制裁,我国行政部门可以根据《反外国制裁法》和《外国国家豁免法》的规定实施反制裁措施,在反措施规则的法律框架内对等地冻结该国央行位于我国境内的各类财产。为了确保反制裁措施的国际合法性,不得在财产冻结的基础上进一步采取没收措施。Central bank property held in foreign countries is entitled to immunity from execution under international law,but in recent years has become the target of unilateral sanctions.Nation states have imposed sanctions on the property of foreign central banks with increasing frequency,raising doubts about the relationship between central bank immunity and economic sanctions.The“United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property”emphasizes that immunity from execution apply only to actions taken in connection with a judicial proceeding.But the treaty also provides an expanded interpretation of“judicial measures”,which allows immunity from execution to encompass some of the“quasi-judicial”sanctions.In interpreting the“judicial coercive measures”under the Foreign State Immunity Law,China should refer to the practice of the treaty and defi ne the scope of immunity from execution as all measures aimed at ensuring the enforcement of laws,thereby providing the necessary legal safeguards for the security of the RMB as an international currency.In response to central bank sanctions imposed on China,reciprocal immunity under the Foreign State Immunity Law and the Anti-foreign Sanctions Law can be used as an anti-sanctions measure to freeze the property of the central bank of the country held in China.To ensure the international legitimacy of counter-sanction measures,no further confi scatory measures shall be taken on the basis of freezing measures.

关 键 词：央行财产 执行豁免 经济制裁 反措施 

分 类 号：D996.1[政治法律—经济法学] F743.1[政治法律—国际法学]