论替代交易规则——以《民法典合同编通则解释》第60条第2款为中心  

On the Substitute Transaction Rule:Centered on Article 60 Paragraph 2 of the Judicial Interpretation concerning General Provisions of Contracts Book of the Civil Code

作　　者：王利明[1,2] Wang Liming

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学民商事法律科学研究中心 [2]中国人民大学法学院

出　　处：《财经法学》2025年第1期3-24,共22页Law and Economy

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“我国民法典实施中的重大疑难问题研究”(23&ZD152);中国人民大学重大课题“民法典新规则研究”(21XNLG01)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《民法典合同编通则解释》第60条第2款确立的替代交易规则不仅具有比较法上的基础,而且其功能具有多样性,是可得利益损失的重要计算方式。替代交易规则主要适用于以种类物为标的物的合同,在以劳务或特定物给付为内容的合同中也有适用余地,但必须以发生根本违约为前提。替代交易规则原则上以解除合同为必要,但在特殊情形下也可以不解除合同而直接进行替代交易。替代交易尚须具有合理性,从而将不具有合理性的替代交易排除于可赔偿范围之外,以此保护违约方的利益。市场价格是判断替代交易合理性的依据,但并非唯一依据。除非出于减损规则的要求,替代交易并非一项义务,非违约方可以选择进行替代交易或者依据市场价格获得赔偿。通过替代交易规则可以解决继续性定期合同中可得利益损害计算的难题。实施替代交易后,非违约方原则上不得再请求违约方履行原给付,非违约方实施替代交易后应负有减损义务。Article 60 Paragraph 2 of the Judicial Interpretation Concerning General Provisions of Contracts Book of Civil Code establishes the rule of substitute transaction,which not only has a comparative legal basis but also serves multiple functions and is an important method for calculating the loss of profits.The rule of substitute transaction mainly applies to contracts with fungible goods as the subject matter,but it also has room for application to contracts with labor or specific goods as the subject matter,provided that it is predicated on a fundamental breach of the contract.The rule of substitute transaction generally requires the termination of the contract,but in certain special circumstances it is also possible to carry out a substitute transaction without termination.Substitute transactions must be reasonable,thereby excluding unreasonable substitute transactions to protect the breaching party.Although market price is a key factor in determining the reasonableness of a substitute transaction,it is not the sole criterion.Unless required by the mitigation rule,substitute transaction is not an obligation,the non-breaching party can choose to carry out substitute transactions or obtain compensation based on market price differences.The rule of substitute transactions can solve the problem of calculating the loss of profits in continuing contracts.After implementing a substitute transaction,the non-breaching party is generally precluded from demanding performance under the original contract and is instead subject to a duty to mitigate losses.

关 键 词：替代交易 违约损害赔偿 减损义务 继续性合同 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]