高空抛坠物致害中建筑物管理人违反安全保障义务的侵权责任  

Tort Liability for Building Managers Breach of Duty of Safety Protection in Cases of Harm Caused by Objects Falling from Heights

作　　者：程啸[1] Cheng Xiao

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《财经法学》2025年第1期59-70,共12页Law and Economy

基　　金：2023年度国家社科基金重大项目“数字经济治理体系法治化研究”(23&ZD155)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：物业服务企业等建筑物管理人没有采取必要的安全保障措施来防止高空抛坠物造成他人损害的,应当依据《民法典》第1254条第2款之规定承担违反安全保障义务的侵权责任。所谓建筑物管理人既包括物业服务企业等物业服务人,也包括建筑物的所有权人、管理人等业主,二者负担的安全保障义务于义务来源、适用范围和违反义务的侵权责任等方面存在差异。我国《民法典》第1254条第2款规定的安全保障义务与第1198条规定的安全保障义务之间并非具体规定与一般规定的关系,而是存在部分的重叠关系。在高空抛坠物致害纠纷中,如果具体侵权人明确,应当由具体侵权人承担侵权责任;如果建筑物管理人违反安全保障义务,应当适用或参照适用《民法典》第1198条第2款由建筑物管理人承担相应的补充责任;如果经调查难以确定具体侵权人,由可能加害的建筑物使用人给予补偿,但是,倘若建筑物管理人违反安全保障义务,则应当先由建筑物管理人承担与其过错相应的侵权责任,剩余的部分才应当由可能加害的建筑物使用人承担相应的补偿责任。Property service companies and other building managers are required to implement necessary safety measures to prevent objects from falling from heights and causing harm to others.Failure to do so obligates them to assume tort liability for breaching their duty of safety protection in accordance with Article 1254,Section 2 of the Civil Code.Building managers include property service providers,as well as the owners and managers of buildings.The duty of safety protection they bear differs in terms of its origin,scope of application,and the liability for breach.The duty of safety protection stipulated in Article 1254,Section 2 of the Civil Code does not have a specific-to-general relationship with the duty outlined in Article 1198 but rather shares partial overlap.In cases where harm is caused by objects falling from heights,if the specific offender is identified,they should bear the tort liability.If a building manager violates the duty of safety protection,they should bear corresponding supplementary liability in accordance or in reference to Article 1198,Section 2 of the Civil Code.If it is difficult to determine the specific offender after investigation,although compensation must be provided by the potential offending building user,the building manager who breaches the duty of safety protection must first bear the tort liability proportional to their fault.The remaining liability should then be borne by the potential offending building user for compensation.

关 键 词：高空抛坠物 建筑物管理人 物业服务企业 安全保障义务 侵权责任 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]