数字经济时代数据要素的法益识别与刑法保护——从公共秩序到财产安全、市场秩序  

Legal Interest Identification and Criminal Law Protection of Data Elements in a Digital Economy Era:From Public Order to Property Security and Market Order

作　　者：郭旨龙[1,2] Guo Zhilong

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学刑事司法学院 [2]中国政法大学证据科学教育部重点实验室

出　　处：《财经法学》2025年第1期106-125,共20页Law and Economy

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“数据竞争不法行为入罪边界的刑法解释研究”(23CFX065)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：我国刑法在十几年前就开始设立公共秩序犯罪来保护数据的机密性,但这主要是回应信息经济中社会成员对于数据内容的关切。在当下的数字经济中,数据不再仅仅是直接提供给人类的信息,来支撑起供应链协同和大规模定制,而主要是以大数据的形式给云计算和人工智能提供生产要素性的原始数据。个人数据、企业数据和公共数据都进入了这个价值链,也都面临着威胁。数据的财产、经济性质日益凸显,社会成员愈发重视数据资源持有权、数据加工使用权、数据产品经营权等数据产权本身的保护。对于数字经济中对数据资源持有权、数据加工使用权的侵犯,应当根据具体情形认定为盗窃、毁坏财产或破坏生产经营的行为。鉴于盗窃行为排除占有的固有形象,对盗取数据的行为最好有特别立法以示区别和公平。在出现成熟市场之后,数据的财产性质必然嵌入到整个经济活动中,涉及竞争利益和市场秩序。侵犯数据产品经营权更多是严重扰乱数字经济市场秩序的行为,而非侵犯知识产权的行为。More than a decade ago,China's criminal law began to establish public order crimes to protect the confidentiality of data,but this mainly responded to the concerns of members of society about the content of data in the information economy.In the current digital economy,data is no longer just information directly provided to humans to support supply chain collaboration and mass customization,but mainly in big data to offer cloud computing and artificial intelligence with raw data as production elements.Personal,corporate,and public data are all entering this value chain and are all at risk.The property and economic nature of data are increasingly prominent,and members of society pay more and more attention to the protection of data property rights such as the right to hold data resources,the right to process and use data,and the right to operate data products.Infringement of the right to hold data resources and the right to process and use data in the digital economy shall be identified as theft,destruction of property or destruction of production and operation according to the specific circumstances.Among them,given the inherent image that theft excludes others'possession,it is desirable to have special legislation for data theft to show distinction and fairness.After the emergence of mature markets,the property nature of data is necessarily embedded in the entire economic activity,involving competitive interests and market order.Among them,the infringement of the right to operate data products is more of the behavior that seriously disturbs the market order of the digital economy,rather than the infringement of intellectual property rights.

关 键 词：原始数据 衍生数据 公共秩序 数据财产 数据竞争 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学] D924.3[政治法律—法学]