《刑法》但书出罪条款的激活:体系定位与规范适用  

The Activation of the Saving Clause in Criminal Law:System Positioning and Norms Application

作　　者：陈俊秀 余惠芳 Chen Junxiu;Yu Huifang(School of Law,Fuzhou University,Fuzhou 350108,China)

机构地区：[1]福州大学法学院,福建福州350108

出　　处：《中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第1期108-118,共11页Journal of Ocean University of China(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“公共危机场域下微观法律秩序的线性建构研究”(23BFX042)。

摘　　要：在轻罪治理背景下,我国刑法结构正由“厉而不严”向“严而不厉”方向转型,轻微犯罪行为面临如何出罪的法治难题。但书条款作为我国刑法出罪的总括性依据,其实务运作存在适用率低、适用不当等多重问题。鉴于此,有必要探究其出罪模式,激活该条款之适用。当前,关于但书条款的体系定位,学界存在出罪标准说、入罪限制标准说、原则性指引说及可罚的违法性说之争。出罪标准说动摇我国刑法罪刑法定原则的根基,有悖我国刑法“立法定性+立法定量”的犯罪设定模式,并容易引发“同案不同判”“裁量权滥用”的司法风险;入罪限制标准说存在重复评价犯罪构成实质违法性的逻辑缺陷;原则性指引说难以回应当下诸多轻微犯罪行为出罪的实践需求。可罚的违法性说内部存在阻却构成要件该当性说、阻却违法性说及二元说三种学说,但书条款的体系定位宜借鉴二元说。若罪名的分则条款含定量因素,则阻却构成要件该当性;若罪名的分则条款不含定量因素,则阻却违法性。但书条款“情节显著轻微”表征僭越社会相当性的程度,“危害不大”表征法益侵害程度,只要满足其一,即可阻却犯罪成立。Against the background of misdemeanor management,the criminal law structure of our country is shifting from"severe but not strict"to"strict but not severe",and minor illegal behaviors face the legal problem of decriminalization.However,as the general basis of crime in Chinese criminal law,there are multiple practical difficulties such as low application rate and improper application.In view of this,it is necessary to explore its crime mode and activate the application of this clause.At present,there are debates in the academic circles about the system orientation of the standard of decriminalization,the criterion of crimes,the principle of guidance and the theory of punishable illegality.It is contrary to the crime setting mode of"legislative qualitative+legislative quantitative"in our criminal law,and easily leads to the judicial risk of"different sentences in the same case"and"abuse of discretionary power".There are logical defects in the theory of limitation standard of crime which repeatedly appraise the substantial illegality of crimes.The principle of guidance is also difficult to respond to the practical needs of many minor offenses.There are three theories in the system positioning of the theory of punishable illegality:the theory of preventing but constituting elements of propriety,the theory of preventing but constituting elements of illegality and the theory of dualism.If the specific provisions of the offence contain quantitative factors,it will prevent but constitute elements of propriety;if the specific provisions of the offence do not contain quantitative factors,it will prevent illegality.However,the saving clause of"significantly minor circumstances"represents the degree of overstepping social equivalence,and"little harm"represents the degree of infringement of legal interests.As long as either is satisfied,the crime can be prevented.

关 键 词：但书 出罪机制 体系定位 可罚的违法性 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]