冷战前美国出口管制政策研究(1940—1947)  

Research on American Export Control Policy before the Cold War(1940-1947)

作　　者：陈锐 邓峰 CHEN Rui;DENG Feng(School of History and Culture,Shandong Normal University,Jinan 250014,China;School of History and Culture,Hainan Normal University,Haikou 571158,China)

机构地区：[1]山东师范大学历史文化学院,山东济南250014 [2]海南师范大学历史文化学院,海南海口571158

出　　处：《安徽史学》2025年第1期95-106,共12页Historical Research In Anhui

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“日藏巴黎统筹委员会档案文献的整理与研究”(20&ZD244)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：第二次世界大战及之后的十余年间,美国是全球最重要的战略物项供应国,其对某个国家的“断供”可以直接影响该国的经济社会发展,这是美国冷战期间对苏联实施出口管制政策的基础。而美国冷战时期的出口管制政策可以追溯到二战时期美国对非核物项和核物项双线并行的出口管制制度。美国对非核物项的管制植根于二战时期为控制战略物资流出、满足本国国防建设需求、对敌国施加经济压力的出口管制政策,延续于解除出口管制背景下平衡国内短缺物资需求和国际供应公平分配的出口管制制度,更与风云变幻的国内外局势紧密相关。而核物项管制政策方面,不仅发生了管制物项的变化,还经历了从单一国家管制到美英加三国协商管制再到多国协调管制的复杂演进,多国协调管制核物项事实上为冷战时期巴黎统筹委员会的多国协调出口管制制度奠定了基础。After World War II and some time later,the United States was the most important supplier of strategic items in the world,and its“supply interruption”to a certain country could directly affect its economic and social development,which was the basis and reason for the United States to implement export control policy,and also the cornerstone of the export control policy to curb the industrial and social development of the Soviet Union during the Cold War.In fact,the export control policy of the United States during the Cold War did not come from scratch.It was rooted in the export control policy of controlling the outflow of strategic materials,meeting the needs of national defense construction and exerting economic pressure on enemy countries during World War II,and continued in the export control system of balancing the demand for domestic shortage materials and the fair distribution of international supply under the background of deregulation,which is closely related to the ever-changing domestic and international situation.During this period,the control of nuclear items not only changed,but also experienced the historical evolution from single state control to negotiation control among the United States,Britain and Canada and then to coordinated control among many countries,which actually laid the foundation for COCOM’s coordinated export control system during the Cold War.

关 键 词：出口管制 核物项 《出口管制法》 

分 类 号：K712.53[历史地理—历史学] K712.54[历史地理—世界史]