庇护主义与一党独大政党体制--基于马来西亚和新加坡经验的比较分析  

Clitentelism and One-party Dominant Systems:A Comparative Analysis Based on the Experiences of Malaysia and Singapore

作　　者：林红[1] 周国军 LIN Hong;ZHOU Guojun(School of International Studies,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学国际关系学院,北京100872

出　　处：《南洋问题研究》2024年第4期1-17,共17页Southeast Asian Affairs

基　　金：中国人民大学2023年度科学研究基金(中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助)项目“现代政治中的庇护主义问题研究”(23XNH046)。

摘　　要：在发展中国家,多党竞争的政党体制与国家发展所需的稳定秩序是一对复杂的关系。东南亚国家从传统政治中承继下来的庇护主义文化为理解政党体制与政治秩序提供了一种分析视角。马来西亚和新加坡两国都是典型的一党独大政党体制,马来西亚巫统是族群性政党,领导着一个以其为中心的政党联盟,它以各族群精英共识为基础,建构了一种多元权力结构;新加坡人民行动党是非族群性全民政党,以优绩主义精英共识为基础形成了一元权力结构。这两个政党的权力结构均以精英庇护关系为基础,不同的是,巫统内部以经济利益联结的庇护关系极易造成政党精英的对抗性竞争,不仅会造成政党权力结构的松懈,而且还降低了马来西亚政党政治的制度化水平;人民行动党内部由于优绩权威的强力主导而有效维持政党精英的团结,政党政治的制度化水平较高,政党权力结构相对稳定。近年来,马来西亚巫统已经失去长期执政的地位,而新加坡人民行动党仍然维持着长期执政的局面,庇护主义及其对政党权力结构的影响可以为两国政党体制的不同命运提供充分解释。In developing countries,the relationship between a multi-party competitive political system and the stable order required for national development is a complex one.The patron-client culture inherited from traditional politics in Southeast Asian countries provides an analytical perspective for understanding the interplay between party systems and political stability.Malaysia and Singapore are both typical examples of one-party dominant systems.In Malaysia,the United Malays National Organization(UMNO)is an ethnic-based party that leads a coalition of parties centered around it.This coalition builds a complex pluralistic power structure based on a consensus among ethnic elites within the party and the coalition.In contrast,Singapore s People s Action Party(PAP)is a non-ethnic,nationwide party that forms a unitary power structure founded on meritocratic elite consensus.The power structures of both parties are rooted in elite patronage relationships.However,there are key differences between the one-party dominant system Malaysia and that of Singapore.In UMNO,patronage relationships tied to economic interests often lead to antagonistic competition among party elites.This not only weakens the cohesion of the party s power structure but also lowers the level of institutionalization in Malaysia s party politics.On the other hand,the PAP,under the strong leadership of meritocratic authority,effectively maintains elite unity within the party.This results in a higher level of institutionalization in party politics and a relatively stable power structure.In recent years,UMNO has lost its long-held position of power,whereas the PAP continues to maintain its dominance.The nature of patron-client relationships and their impact on party power structures provide a compelling explanation for the divergent fates of the party systems in these two countries.

关 键 词：庇护主义 政党体制 一党独大 政党权力结构 

分 类 号：D734.1[政治法律—政治学]