从上博简《武王践阼》看两周君臣身份秩序空间表达的变迁  

Discussing the Spatial Expression of the Order of Monarchs and Ministers in the Zhou Dynasty from the Shanghai Museum Bamboo Slips Wu Wang Jianzuo

作　　者：邓国军 Deng Guojun

机构地区：[1]湖南大学岳麓书院,湖南长沙410082 [2]“古文字与中华文明传承发展工程”协同攻关创新平台中心

出　　处：《中州学刊》2025年第1期129-136,共8页Academic Journal of Zhongzhou

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“空间方位观念与商周社会秩序”(20CZS012)。

摘　　要：空间既是人类社会构成的基本要素,亦是探究人类社会秩序及其演进的基本视域。“君王南面”礼制是两周统治者基于建筑空间所建构的一种君臣身份秩序,它在周代君臣身份秩序空间表达中起着总体导向性作用。“君王南面”礼制在两周时期展现出了沿袭与变革的双重面向,其中变革表现为:一是“下移”,即“南面”的主体由君王向下扩大到霸主、强者、臣僚,“君王南面”礼制走向了泛化;二是“上移”,即随着造圣运动的兴起,东周时人将“南面”的权力赋予“圣王”,形成了“圣王南面治天下”的理念,“君王南面”礼制走向了理论化。至战国中晚期,礼学家、思想家们结合社会现实,以托古的方式,建构起了制约王权的理论,一定程度上消解了君王对权力空间尊位的垄断,上博简《武王践阼》中武王“东面”“北面”正是其典型表现。周代君臣身份秩序空间表达的历时性变迁从微观层面揭示了“空间”在周代政治秩序建构中的价值,由此可建立起“空间方位—权力关系—身份秩序”的分析路径,以此来管窥“空间”在早期中国政治秩序形成中的作用。Space is one of the essential constituents of human society,and also a basic perspective to explore the order of human society and its evolution.The ritual order captured in the aphorism“the ruler faces south”was a ruler-subject identity order established by Zhou rulers,which was based on architectural space.It played an overall guiding role in the spacial expression of Zhou rulers-subjects identity order.It was a spatial expression of the overall directionality of the status dynamics between Zhou period rulers and their subjects.During Zhou period,“the ruler faces south”ritual order developed aspects of both continuity and change.With respect to change:firstly,there was a“downward shift”,namely,a downward shift in the status of those who could“face south”from monarchs alone to eventually encompass various hegemons,strongmen,and bureaucrats,and there was a dilution of“ruler faces south”ritual order;secondly,there was an“upward shift”,namely,with the inception of a movement of“sage-creation”during the Eastern Zhou,the prerogative to“face south”was also bestowed upon“sage-kings”,thus there developed the idea that“the sage-king faces south”,and as such there was a theorization of the“ruler faces south”ritual order.By the middle-late Warring States period,ritualists and thinkers employed a sort of appeal to antiquity,and in combining this with the realities of the existing social order,they constructed a theory which would constrain monarchical power.This to some degree eroded the monopoly held by monarchs over the“supreme position”in the spatial expression of power,and the portrayals of King Wu as“facing east”and/or“facing north”in the Shanghai Museum Bamboo Slips Wu Wang Jianzuo are prime exemplars thereof.At the micro-level,gradual changes in the spatial expression of ruler-subject during Zhou reveal that“space”was greatly valued in the construction of Zhou’s political order,and as such,the construction of a methodology of“spatial positioning—power

关 键 词：上博简 君王南面 《武王践阼》 两周君臣身份秩序 

分 类 号：K22[历史地理—历史学]