论履行期届满前的以物抵债协议的债权效力——以《合同编通则解释》第28条为视角  

On the Validity of the Payment in Kind Agreement Prior to the Expiration of the Performance Period——The Perspective of Article 28 of the Interpretation of General Principles of Contract Parts

作　　者：张翔[1] 袁萍萍 ZHANG Xiang;YUAN Ping⁃ping(Civil and Commercial Law School,Northwest University of Political Science and Law,Xi'an 710063,China)

机构地区：[1]西北政法大学民商法学院,陕西西安710063

出　　处：《河北法学》2025年第2期36-57,共22页Hebei Law Science

基　　金：2022年度西藏自治区哲学社会科学专项资金项目“合同的替代履行制度研究及在西藏的应用”(22XZZXHZ11)

摘　　要：《合同编通则解释》第28条以“并存型期前抵债协议”为调整对象,故“单一型期前抵债协议”仅凭其债的变更之性质,直接依据《民法典》第543条之规定即可获得债权效力。对于“并存型期前抵债协议”而言,其“代物清偿预约”与“代物清偿契约”的性质争论,源自于“代物清偿是否构成契约”之不同判断而产生的语境差异,并不影响该协议为诺成性债权合同之性质。在《合同编通则解释》颁布后,将并存型期前抵债协议界定为虚假意思表示的学说,已被否定。《合同编通则解释》第28条将“并存型期前抵债协议”视为担保合同,故其与买卖型担保、让与担保合同同义,不具有担保效果,但具有使债权人获得让与担保权之债权效力。由于该协议的债权效力不因债务的到期而消灭,故债权人有权请求履行该抵债协议,转移抵债物的所有权。进而,该协议的履行后果,并非债之清偿,而是担保权性质的所有权之设立,故该协议并不违反“流质约款禁止”规则,不属于《合同编通则解释》第28条第2款第2句之规定的适用对象。因此,在《合同编通则解释》第28条的规则体系下,并存型期前抵债协议同样具有债权效力。Article 28 of the Interpretation of General Principles of Contract Parts regulates“Prior Maturity Setoff Agreement”.Therefore,the“Single Prior Maturity Setoff Agreement”can obtain the effect of creditor's right directly in accordance with Article 543 of the Civil Code only based on the nature of the change in the debt.For the purpose of the“pre⁃existence discharge agreement”,the dispute on the nature of“replacement arrangement”and“replacement contract”is due to the difference in context arising from different judgments on whether“payment in kind constitutes a contract”,and therefore does not affect the nature of the agreement as a voluntary debt contract.After the promulgation of the Interpretation of General Principles of Contract Parts,the doctrine defining a prematurity foreclosure agreement as a misrepresentation has been denied.Article 28 of the Interpretation of General Principles of Contract Parts deems the agreement for satisfaction of debts prior to maturity as a security contract,so such a contract has the same meaning as a sales security contract and transfer security contract,having no security effect,but having the effect to enable the creditor to obtain the creditor's right under security.As the validity of such agreement as creditor's right shall not be extinguished due to the maturity of the debts,the creditor has the right to request performance of such agreement and transfer of the ownership of the debt collateral.Further,the implementation of the agreement results not in the satisfaction of debt,but in the establishment of ownership with the nature of security right.Therefore,the agreement does not violate the rule of“prohibition of liquid pledges”and is not subject to Article 28(2),second sentence of the Interpretation of General Contract Principles.Therefore,under the system of rules set forth in Article 28 of the Interpretation of General Principles of Contract Parts,the debt collection agreement prior to maturity shall also have the effect of creditor's rights.

关 键 词：合同编通则解释 以物抵债 代物清偿 让与担保 担保型买卖 

分 类 号：DF525[政治法律—民商法学]