膜下滴灌对春灌盐碱地水盐运移及硝态氮淋洗损失的影响  

Effects of under mulch drip irrigation on water and salt transport and nitrate nitrogen leaching losses in spring-irrigated saline soils

作　　者：刘凯 王则玉[1,2,3] 刘小利 马兴旺 刘宏斌[1,2] 许咏梅 马红红 蒲胜海[1,2,3] LIU Kai;WANG Zeyu;LIU Xiaoli;MA Xingwang;LIU Hongbin;XU Yongmei;MA Honghong;PU Shenghai(Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Agricultural Water Conservation,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Urumqi 830091,China;Key Laboratory of Water Conservation Agriculture in Northwest Oasis,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Urumqi 830091,China;Xinjiang Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution in Korla,Urumqi 830091,China)

机构地区：[1]新疆农业科学院土壤肥料与农业节水研究所,乌鲁木齐830091 [2]农业农村部西北绿洲农业环境重点实验室,乌鲁木齐830091 [3]库尔勒农业面源污染新疆野外科学观测研究站,乌鲁木齐830091

出　　处：《农业资源与环境学报》2024年第6期1387-1395,共9页Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1900803);“天山英才”培养计划(2022TSYCLJ0050);农业科技创新稳定支持项目(xjnkywdzc-2023005-6)。

摘　　要：为探究膜下滴灌方式不同春灌定额对盐碱地水盐氮运移和生态效应的影响,本研究于2023年在新疆铁门关市开展研究,试验地棉花种植模式为一膜三管6行,宽行66 cm、窄行10 cm。试验设置5个春灌定额:75.0、112.5、150.0、187.5 mm和225.0 mm(常规春灌定额),分别用DW1、DW2、DW3、DW4和DW5表示,分析不同土壤深度水分、盐分和硝态氮的分布特征。结果表明,与春灌前相比,灌水30 d后所有处理0~40 cm土壤含水量显著增加,且水分主要分布在宽行中间至窄行中间范围。DW3和DW4处理间0~100 cm的土壤储水量增量占灌溉量的比例无显著差异,而DW5处理最低,仅占29.61%。DW3、DW4和DW5处理土壤盐分分布相似,DW4处理0~40 cm土壤盐分淡化区范围最大,且80~100 cm土壤盐分含量显著降低;DW3和DW5处理40~60 cm深度土层从膜间到窄行中间范围含盐量增加。DW4处理在0~20、20~40 cm土层脱盐率均最高,与DW1、DW2、DW3和DW5处理相比,0~20 cm土壤脱盐率分别显著提高148.9%、37.1%、27.5%和36.6%。DW3和DW4处理土壤硝态氮淋洗量无显著差异,与DW5处理相比分别显著减少35.5%和26.6%。DW3、DW4和DW5处理间棉花出苗率无显著差异,与DW1和DW2处理相比提高4.5%~8.8%。DW4处理棉花产量最高,与DW1、DW2、DW3和DW5处理相比,分别显著提高29.2%、13.4%、6.1%和5.8%。研究表明,采用膜下滴灌方式以187.5 mm灌水定额春灌增加了土壤耕层水分含量,提高0~40 cm土壤脱盐率,降低土壤硝态氮淋洗量,使棉花出苗率达到90%、产量提高5.8%,187.5 mm是节水高效、农田氮素淋洗面源污染风险较低的春灌定额。To investigate the effects of different drip spring irrigation amounts on the transport and ecological effects of saline nitrogen in saline soils.A study on drip spring irrigation was carried out in Tiemenguan,Xinjiang in 2023.Cotton planting pattern was one film and three tapes in 6 rows with 66 cm+10 cm spacing.Five irrigation amounts were set up:75.0,112.5,150.0,187.5 mm and 225.0 mm(the local conventional spring irrigation amount),which were expressed as DW1,DW2,DW3,DW4 and DW5,respectively.Characteristic distribution of moisture,salinity and nitrate-nitrogen in different soil depths were analyzed.The results showed that compared with the pre-watering period,the soil water content of 0-40 cm increased significantly in all treatments after 30 d of watering,and the water was mainly distributed from the middle of the wide rows to the middle of the narrow rows.There was no significant difference in the ratio of incremental soil water storage from 0-100 cm as a percentage of irrigation between the DW3 and DW4 treatments,while the DW5 treatment was the lowest at 29.61%.Soil salinity distribution was similar in DW3,DW4 and DW5 treatments,with the DW4 treatment having the largest range of soil salinity desalination zones from 0-40 cm,and a significant reduction in soil salinity content from 80 to 100 cm.Soil salinity increased in the 40-60 cm soil layer of the DW3 and DW5 treatments in the range between the membranes to the middle of the narrow rows.DW4 treatment had the highest desalination rate from 0 to 40 cm,and the desalination rate from 0-20 cm was significantly increased by 148.9%,37.1%,27.5%,and 36.6%in the DW4 treatment compared with the DW1,DW2,DW3,and DW5 treatments,respectively.There was no significant difference in soil nitrate nitrogen leaching between the DW3 and DW4 treatments,which were significantly reduced by 35.5%and 26.6%,respectively,compared with the DW5 treatment.Cotton seedling emergence was not significantly different among DW3,DW4 and DW5 treatments,and was increased by 4.5%-8.8%compared wi

关 键 词：滴灌春灌 盐碱地 水盐运移 盐分分布 硝态氮淋洗损失 

分 类 号：S152.7[农业科学—土壤学] S153.6[农业科学—农业基础科学]