生育假期政策设计的时间性、经济性与平等性及其政策效应——基于30个OECD国家的实证研究  

Temporality,Economy and Equality of the Design of Maternity Leave Policies and Their Policy Effects:An Empirical Study Based on 30 OECD Countries

作　　者：满小欧[1] 杨扬[1] 李志新 MAN Xiaoou;YANG Yang;LI Zhixin(School of Humanities and Law,Northeastern University,Shenyang 110169,China)

机构地区：[1]东北大学文法学院,辽宁沈阳110169

出　　处：《人口与经济》2025年第1期34-46,共13页Population & Economics

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“人口负增长背景下中国内生性低生育问题的长效治理机制研究”(23BGL261)。

摘　　要：当前我国人口结构高龄少子化特征日益凸显,适龄人口生育意愿不断降低,总和生育率长期低于更替水平。生育假期政策作为生育支持政策的“三驾马车”之一,通过提供“照料时间”来减轻生育养育成本与家庭照料负担,已成为应对低生育风险的关键性策略工具。研究系统分析了OECD国家生育假期政策体系的政策设计与内容,发现其呈现出兼具灵活休假与弹性工作的制度安排、差异化补偿与成本共担的责任机制以及鼓励父母双方共同育儿的价值取向等政策特征。此外,研究构建了双向固定效应模型和多期双重差分模型,利用30个OECD国家1990—2020年家庭数据库面板数据,实证检验了“时间性”“经济性”以及性别“平等性”生育假期的政策效应,即“假期时长”“带薪假期时长”以及“设立父亲育儿假”对生育率的影响。研究表明,作为时间政策工具的生育假期具有积极的生育效应,但兼具经济杠杆属性的带薪假期对生育率产生了抑制作用,建立性别平等取向的父亲育儿假政策亦是提振生育率的有效途径。对此,我国生育假期政策设计应灵活配比不同生育假期组合,适当延长父母育儿假,科学设置父母育儿假薪酬水平并形成合理的成本共担机制,同步探索实施父母育儿假与父亲假配额,促进“单系抚育”向“双系抚育”转变,以实现助推生育的政策目标。Currently,China’s population structure is increasingly characterized by an aging population and a decline in the number of children,with the fertility willingness of the childbearing-age population continuing to decrease,and the total fertility rate remaining below the replacement level for an extended period.As one of the“three carriages”of fertility support policies,maternity leave policy has become a key strategy tool to deal with low fertility risk by providing“care time”to reduce the cost of childbirth and family care burden.The research systematically analyzes the policy design and content of the maternity leave policy system in OECD countries,and finds that it presents some policy characteristics,such as the institutional arrangement of“flexible leave”and“flexible work”,the differentiated compensation and cost-sharing responsibility mechanism,and the value orientation of encouraging both parents to raise children together.In addition,this study constructed a bidirectional fixed-effect model and a multi-period difference-difference model,and empirically tested the policy effects of“temporal”,“economic”and“equality”maternity leave using the panel data of the household database of 30 OECD countries from 1990 to 2020.That is,the impact of“length of leave”,“length of paid leave”and“establishment of paternity leave”on fertility.The research indicates that maternity leave as a tool of time policy has a positive fertility effect,but paid leave with economic leverage has an inhibitory effect on fertility,and the establishment of a gender equal-oriented paternity leave policy is also an effective way to boost fertility.In this regard,the design of China’s maternity leave policy should flexibly match different maternity leave combinations,appropriately extend parental parental leave,scientifically set pay levels of parental parental leave pay levels and form a reasonable cost-sharing mechanism,explore the implementation of parental parental leave and father leave quotas sim

关 键 词：生育 生育假期政策 政策设计 政策效应 性别平等 

分 类 号：C924.21[社会学—人口学]