从“特权”到“人权”:1789年《人权宣言》的诞生与法国社会转型  

From Privilege to Human Rights:The Birth of Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789 and the Social Transformation in France

作　　者：李宏图[1] Li Hongtu(Department of History,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史学系,上海200433

出　　处：《复旦学报(社会科学版)》2025年第1期128-139,共12页Fudan Journal(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“欧洲近代社会主义思想史研究”(项目批准号:21&ZD247)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：在世界现代历史上,1789年的法国革命具有重要的意义,其标志之一即是通过了《人权宣言》,完成了从特权向人权的社会转型。本文从历史维度梳理了《人权宣言》起草的历史语境与过程,诸项权利的内容及其意涵,评价其作为摧毁“旧制度”和构建“新社会”的价值指向。与此同时,也解析《人权宣言》这一文本中“自然权利”和“社会权利”之间具有的内在矛盾和张力。通过这些考察,可以更为清晰地理解《人权宣言》的历史价值与局限,以及其彰显的意义。The French Revolution of 1789 occupies a significant place in the modern history of the world.One of its symbolic events was the adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen,which completed the transformation from a society of privileges to that of human rights.This article explores the historical context and the process of the drafting of the document,the content and meaning of its listed rights,and evaluates its value orientation in dismantling the"Ancient Regime"and constructing a"new society."The article also analyzes the inherent contradictions and tensions between"natural rights"and"social rights"in the text of the Declaration.These investigations can produce a better understanding of both the historical values and the limitations of the Declaration,as well as its historical significance.

关 键 词：《人权宣言》 法国革命 特权 自然权利 社会转型 

分 类 号：K565.4[历史地理—历史学] D756.5[历史地理—世界史]