构成要件效力范围理论的司法适用——以缺陷产品责任案件为研究素材  

Juridical Application of the Tatbestand Valid Range Theory--Using Defective Product Liability Cases as Research Material

作　　者：喻浩东 Yu Haodong(Law School,Fudan University,Shanghai 200438,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学法学院,上海200438

出　　处：《复旦学报(社会科学版)》2025年第1期151-160,共10页Fudan Journal(Social Sciences)

摘　　要：按照客观归责理论,即便行为人创设并实现了法不容许的风险,但损害结果并不处于特定构成要件的效力范围时,就应排除归责。以缺陷产品责任案件为研究素材,可以发现:在我国语境下,构成要件效力范围的司法适用涉及到被害人的自我答责、第三人责任范围以及结果加重犯中加重结果的归责。首先,被害人的自我答责可能阻却客观归责,一方面,被害人要对法益风险具有完整的认知和主导性支配;另一方面,法规范上不存在家长主义的注意义务设置,使得行为人有义务防止被害人陷入认识能力欠缺的状态。其次,第三人责任范围对客观归责的限制,体现于两类案件:一是因专业产品使用人的义务违反造成本可避免的损害结果,故排除了生产者的管辖责任;二是因专业产品生产者的介入,限制了缺陷原料提供者构成以危险方法危害公共安全罪的可能性。再次,结果加重犯的客观归责相比一般结果犯要满足更为严格的要求。不仅生产、销售的基本行为必须内含致人死伤的高度危险,而且该行为与损害结果之间的关联需要同时满足全面性、直接性和贯通性三方面的要求。According to the objective imputation theory,even if the perpetrator creates and realizes the legally unpermitted risk,when the damage result is not in the valid range of Tatbestand,it should be excluded from the scope of objective imputation.When we use defective product liability cases as research material,we can find in our country,the judicial application of the Tatbestand valid range theory relates to the victim's self-responsibility,and the scope of third-party liability and the imputation of aggravated results in the case of aggravated crimes.First of all,the victim's self-responsibility may block the objective imputation.On one hand,the victim has a complete knowledge and dominant control of the risk of legal interests;on the other hand,legal norms doesn't set paternalistic duty of care,so that the perpetrator is not obliged to prevent the victim from falling into the cognitive deficiency.Secondly,the limitation of objective imputation by the scope of third-party liability is reflected in two types of cases.One type is the avoidable damage caused by professional user's breach of duty;the other is the intervention of the professional producer restricts the possibility that the provider of the defective raw material constitutes the crime of endangering public security by dangerous methods.Thirdly,the objective imputation of aggravated crimes compared to general crimes should meet more stringent requirements.Not only must the basic act of production and sale contain a high degree of risk of death or injury,but the connection between the act and the result needs to satisfy requirements of comprehensiveness,directness and coherence.

关 键 词：客观归责 构成要件效力范围 产品责任 自我答责 结果加重犯 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学] D924.1[政治法律—法学]