秦汉女性服役问题新探  

A New Issues about Women's Corvee Labor in the Qin and Han Dynasties

作　　者：郭妙妙 晋文[1] GUO Miaomiao;JIN Wen(History Faculty,Nanjing Normal University,Nanjing 210097)

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学历史系,江苏南京210097

出　　处：《中国农史》2024年第6期105-119,共15页Agricultural History of China

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“秦汉三国简牍经济史料汇编与研究”(19ZDA196);国家社会科学基金重大委托项目“中华思想通史”(20@ZH026);国家“十四五”发展规划重大学术文化工程《(新编)中国通史》纂修工程秦汉卷。

摘　　要：秦汉时期的成年健康女性需要服更役。景帝二年“令天下男子年二十始傅”,并不能证明此后女性被免除更役。秦汉时期的成年女性等同于成年男性中的次要劳动力,通常都是承担轻体力劳役或半役。这也完全体现在西晋的残疾男女记录和丁中制规定中。和男性不同,秦汉平民女性的劳役均以成年人即“大女”或“大女子”的身份承担,并没有从轻到重、再从重到轻的阶段划分,她们的起役登记也要早于同年龄段的男性。这是成年男性的劳役,亦即承担国家徭役和兵役,均需要傅籍的一个根本原因。秦汉女性的起役另有自己的登记方式,而与专指成年男性的傅籍无关。秦代女性以婚姻作为大致的起役标准,辅之以身高和年龄,汉代女性则以年龄或婚姻为主。其身高通常在六尺以上,而年龄应在十五岁左右。平民女性还可以按照丈夫有无爵位及其对应的免老年龄为“老”,享有免除赋役的优待。“产子复”即怀孕、生产的女性被免除两到三年的算赋和徭役,其夫免除一年的算赋和徭役,优待妇女与鼓励生育的国家政策是相联系的。Adult healthy women during the Qin and Han Dynasties were required to undertake corvee labor in turns.In the second year of Emperor Jing's reign,the imperial decree that men start registering tax obligations when they were 20 years old was not proven that women were exempt from changing labor.Generally speaking,adult women in the Qin and Han Dynasties were equivalent to minor workforce among adult men.They usually undertake light physical labor.This is also fully reflected in the records of disabled people and"Dingzhong Zhi"(丁中制)in the Western Jin Dynasty.The commoner women in the Qin and Han Dynasties undertook the labor with the identity named"Danü"(大女).There is no division from light to heavy or heavy to light about women's labor.The age that women starting service was earlier than men of the same age.This was one of the fundamental reasons why adult men need to FuJi(傅籍)when they meet the conditions of corvee.The women had their own registration methods for practicing corvee labor,which was different from FuJi.In the Qin Dynasty,women used marriage as the starting standard of labor,supplemented by height and age,while in the Han Dynasty,women mainly relied on age or marriage.Their height is usually six feet or more,and their age should be around fifteen years old.Civilian women can also enjoy the privilege of exemption from labor based on their husbands’title of nobility."Chanzi Fu"(产子复)means that pregnant women who give birth are exempt from tax and corvee for two or three years,while their husbands are exempt from one year of tax and corvee."Chanzi Fu"was one of the national policy to encourage childbirth.

关 键 词：秦汉 女性 更役 起役 免役 产子复 

分 类 号：S-09[农业科学] K207[历史地理—历史学]