论“非四大类”鉴定意见的规制模式转型——从二维规制模式到三维规制模式  

The regulatory model transformation of the“Non-four Categories”expert opinions—a transition from two-dimensional regulatory model to three-dimensional regulatory model

作　　者：罗宇昂 Luo Yuang(School of Criminal Investigation,Southwest University of Political Science and Law,Chongqing 401120,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学光华法学院,浙江杭州310008

出　　处：《证据科学》2024年第6期703-719,共17页Evidence Science

基　　金：四川省基层司法能力研究中心2022年度一般课题“检察机关技术性证据专门审查研究”(JCSF2022-22);西南政法大学法学一般项目“从结构失衡到结构优化:中国式司法鉴定制度的现代化研究”(2023NDYB43);重庆市高校创新研究群体项目“证据科技创新与应用”(CXQT21033)阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：“非四大类”鉴定意见并非新兴制度性产物,其与“四大类”鉴定意见构成一对种类范畴;此种类型划分之逻辑在于司法行政机关基于司法资源配置与实践需求作出的过渡性制度选择。目前,“非四大类”鉴定意见几乎仍以“四大类”鉴定意见的“行政—司法”二维规制模式为参考系。然而,该模式倾向基于法律属性关注证据规制的形式层面,忽视基于科学属性关注证据规制的实质层面;并且,司法实践呈现“行政”规制模式主要以制作主体为逻辑展开,“司法”规制模式主要以制作结果为逻辑展开。由此,须进一步维系“非四大类”鉴定意见的法律属性,并回归其科学属性:应基于本土化的“行政—司法”二维规制模式,合理借鉴域外“行业”规制模式经验,构建体系化的“行政—司法—行业”三维规制模式。“Non-four categories”expert opinions,which constitue a distinct classification in parallel with“four categories”expert opinions are not as new institutional developments,but a reflection of the transitional institutional choices made by judicial administrative organs aiming to aligning the allocation of judicial resources with practical needs.Currently,the“administrative-judicial”two-dimensional regulatory model applied to“four categories”expert opinions also serves as the regulatory framework for“non-four categories”expert opinions.However,this model emphasizes formal regulations based on the evidence's legal attributes while overlooking substantive regulations grounded in scientific attributes.Furthermore,judicial practices reveal that the“administrative”regulatory model is developed mainly on the focus of the forensic expert,whereas the“judicial”regulatory model on the focus of the forensic result.Therefore,it is necessary to realign the legal attributes of“non-four categories”expert opinions with the scientific attributes.It is better to transform the localized“administrative-judicial”two-dimensional regulatory model into a systematized“administrative-judicial-industry”three-dimensional regulatory model,by incorporating insights from foreign“industrial”regulatory models.

关 键 词：“非四大类” 鉴定意见 “四大类”鉴定意见 行政规制 司法规制 行业规制 

分 类 号：D918.9[政治法律—法学]