停训效应:科学机制及实践应用  

The Detraining Effect:Scientific Mechanisms and Practical Applications

作　　者：杨婷 袁凌峰 熊莹喆 刘浩 赵华[3] 李丹阳[4,5] YANG Ting;YUAN Lingfeng;XIONG Yingzhe;LIU Hao;ZHAO Hua;LI Danyang(School of Sports Medicine,Wuhan Sports University,Wuhan 430079,China;Division of Sports Science and Physical Education,Tsinghua university,Beijing 100084,China;School of Physical Education and Sports,Central China Normal University,Wuhan 430079,China;School of Sports Training,Wuhan Sports University,Wuhan 430079,China;Strength and Conditioning Center,Wuhan Sports University,Wuhan 430079,China)

机构地区：[1]武汉体育学院运动医学院,湖北武汉430079 [2]清华大学体育部,北京100084 [3]华中师范大学体育学院,湖北武汉430079 [4]武汉体育学院运动训练学院,湖北武汉430079 [5]武汉体育学院体能中心,湖北武汉430079

出　　处：《体育科学》2024年第11期61-73,共13页China Sport Science

摘　　要：停训效应是指运动员因不当停止或减少训练导致体能产生波动、心理状态及身体健康受到负面影响,进而对运动表现产生不利影响的现象。通过对停训效应的科学机制、影响因素以及应用策略进行全面梳理,发现不当停训会对运动员的多个生理系统产生负面影响,包括心肺功能下降、代谢能力减弱、肌肉骨骼功能下降、激素水平失衡、免疫功能降低及神经调节能力下降。停训效应受停训期间训练计划类型、持续时间、运动项目特征及个体差异等多种因素影响。为减少停训效应的负面影响,建议采取训练计划调整、精准负荷调控、适宜恢复策略、精准营养支持、高效心理调节等应对策略。未来,亟待深入探索不同项目、不同水平、不同性别的运动员对不当停训产生的适应特征及科学机制。同时,加强对停训过程的全面监测,减少不当停训导致的负面效应,并不断探索合理停训在应对过度训练综合症、赛前科学减量及高效调整训练节奏中的合理应用,为精准调控训练计划及高效挖掘运动潜力提供理论支持和应用指南。The detraining effect refers to the phenomenon in which athletes experience fluctuations in physical fitness,negative impacts on psychological state and physical health due to improper cessation or tapering of training,thereby producing adverse effects on sports performance.Through a comprehensive examination of the scientific mechanisms,influencing factors,and application strategies of the detraining effect,it is found that improper detraining can have negative impacts on multiple physiological systems of athletes,including decreased cardiopulmonary function,weakened metabolic capacity,reduced musculoskeletal function,hormone imbalance,weakened immune function,and decreased neural regulatory ability.The detraining effect is influenced by a variety of factors during the detraining period,such as the type of training protocol,duration,characteristics of a particular sport,and individual differences.To mitigate the negative impact of detraining effect,it is recommended to adopt countermeasures such as training protocol adjustments,accurate load control,suitable recovery strategies,precise nutritional support,and efficient psychological regulation.In the future,there is an urgent need to delve into the adaptation characteristics and scientific mechanisms of athletes of different sports,levels and genders in response to improper detraining.Meanwhile,comprehensive monitoring of the detraining process should be strengthened to reduce the negative effects of improper detraining and continuously explore the reasonable application of proper cessation of training in addressing overtraining syndrome,scientific tapering before competitions,and efficient adjustment of training rhythms,providing theoretical support and application guidelines for precise regulation of training protocols and efficient tapping of athletic potential.

关 键 词：停训效应 运动员 影响因素 实践应用 

分 类 号：G808[文化科学—体育训练]