“大流行协定”中“获取和惠益分享”机制构建——基于全球卫生公平的视角  

Construction of"Access and Benefit-sharing"Mechanisms in the"Pandemic Agreement"——Based on a Perspective of Global Health Equity

作　　者：苏玉菊 李宇澜 SU Yuju;LI Yulan(East China University of Political Science and Law,Shanghai 201620,China)

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学,上海201620

出　　处：《医学与法学》2025年第1期15-22,共8页Medicine and Jurisprudence

基　　金：2024年国家社会科学基金项目“公共卫生规制范式转型研究”(项目编号:24BFX023)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：现行以《国际卫生条例(2005)》为中心的全球卫生治理体系存在不公平难题,其中一个难题就是在全球范围内尚未能建立起行之有效的病原体获取和惠益分享机制。“大流行协定”拟通过引入“获取和惠益分享”机制,以实现全球卫生资源的公平分配。这一机制早先出现在《生物多样性公约》及《大流行性流感防范框架》中,但是由于这两个国际性文件存在各自特定的立法目标与适用范围等方面的问题,使得该机制无法适用于大流行发生时的病原体获取和惠益分享。“大流行协定”试图在引入这一机制的同时,对其加以改进,以推动全球卫生公平。但经考察“大流行协定”谈判中所形成的历代草案,可以发现其中的“病原体获取和惠益机制”还存在诸多不足,例如,历代文本中呈现出措辞软化现象,对“多边”获取和惠益分享机制被刻意规避的问题未得到解决等。针对上述问题,在“大流行协定”的后续谈判与制定过程中,可采取框架协议结构以谋求共识;需要各国从全球健康福祉的角度出发,对世界卫生组织“病原体获取和惠益分享系统”的适用范围等核心内容达成共识,并在协定中予以明确;需要就世界卫生组织“病原体获取和惠益分享系统”实施细则的后续构建制定规划。The current system of global health governance,centered on the International Health Regulations(2005),faces significant equity challenges,one of which is the lack of an effective global mechanism for pathogen access and benefit-sharing(ABS).The proposed"Pandemic Agreement"seeks to introduce the ABS mechanism to ensure the equitable distribution of global health resources.While similar mechanisms have been incorporated into the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)and the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework(PIP),their distinct legislative objectives and limited scopes of application have hindered their effectiveness during pandemics.The“Pandemic Agreement”aims to improve the previous ABS mechanisms to advance global health equity.However,an examination of successive drafts reveals several shortcomings,including the softened language in key provisions and the unresolved concern that the multilateral ABS mechanism has been deliberately circumvented.To address these issues,the agreement's continued negotiation and drafting process should adopt a framework-based structure to facilitate consensus-building.And at the same time,it is necessary for countries to adopt a global health welfare perspective,clarifying the core elements such as the scope of application of the PABS system,and explicitly defining these elements within the"Pandemic Agreement".Additionally,a detailed plan for the future development of the PABS system's implementation guidelines should be established.

关 键 词：大流行协定 全球卫生公平 获取和惠益分享 

分 类 号：D99[政治法律—国际法学] R-05[政治法律—法学]