美国国家公园管理分区演变历程、特征及启示  

Evolution,Characteristics and Inspirations of Management Zoning for National Parks in the United States

作　　者：张振威 肖涵岳 毛颜康 ZHANG Zhenwei;XIAO Hanyue;MAO Yankang(the School of Architecture and Urban Planning,Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture)

机构地区：[1]北京建筑大学建筑与城市规划学院

出　　处：《风景园林》2025年第2期12-19,共8页Landscape Architecture

摘　　要：【目的】分区是国家公园管理的重要制度,也是国家公园管理研究中重要的科学议题。【方法】采用编年史法、文献法解析美国国家公园管理分区发展的5个历史阶段;采用比较法、制度分析法、逻辑分析法解析每个历史阶段的演变特征及总体特征。通过对美国国家公园分区制度的历程及特征的系统解析,为中国国家公园分区制度的理论及方法提供启示。【结果】美国国家公园管理分区经历了二分区模式、六分区模式、四分区模式、自主分区模式、无分区模式5个历史阶段;从功能属性、功能特征、功能目标、体系完整性、方法论等内部特征,以及管理政策完整性、政策的科学性、弹性与刚性框架、自检等外部特征两大维度,解析美国国家公园管理分区的9条特征。【结论】中国国家公园分区应当被视为一种依托管理细则的技术性方法,需加强制度建设,就此提出4点建议。1)在总体思路与路径上,宜体现灵活性与动态性,中国国家公园宜采用“1+N”的分区模式,或将功能分区改为管理分区与管控分区并置。2)分区形式体系应与分区的实质体系相配合,在管理规划中确立“关键问题/关键要素/关键区域—管理目标—管理规定—管理分区”的逻辑链及规则体系。3)在程序上,调整分区审批主体。将管控分区与管理分区的划定与调整纳入管理规划中,并随管理规划进行审批。4)在政策体系完整性上,加强顶层政策设计。[Objective]The zoning system for national parks is a comprehensive technical measure that reflects the interaction among resource characteristics and values,human activities,management objectives,and control measures.Zoning is a crucial system for national park management and represents a significant scientific topic in national park management.From the pilot stage to a new development stage,how to scientifically and rationally conduct zoning in national parks,based on the“Chinese model”,still remains a scientific issue to be addressed.This research clarifies the evolution and overall characteristics of each development stage of the zoning system for national parks in the United States,analyzes the formal and substantive composition of the zoning system,and explains the logical system of“goal-rule-zoning”,and finally provides effective inspiration for the theory and method of the zoning system for China's national parks.[Methods]This research uses the chronicle method and literature research method to analyze the 12 documents on national parks and the zoning of63 national parks in the United States.The research summarizes five historical stages of the evolution of national park zoning.Additionally,the research uses the comparative method,institutional analysis method,and logical analysis method to analyze the features and characteristics of each historical stage.[Results]The management zoning for national parks in the United States can be divided into five historical stages:Two-zone model,six-zone model,fourzone model,autonomous model,and no-zoning model.The development of the zoning system for national park management in the United States has a history of more than 80 years,which has experienced the goal shifting from“utilization-function”to“protection-control”,the concept shifting from“zoning by potentially conflicting human activities”to“multi-level zoning system based on management objectives”,and the form evolution from“unified formulation”to“decentralized autonomous formulation

关 键 词：美国国家公园 管理分区 管理规划 管理目标 管理规定 

分 类 号：TU981[建筑科学—城市规划与设计]