中国国家公园特许经营制度利益相关者权利义务分析  

Analysis of the Rights and Obligations of Stakeholders in China’s National Park Concession System

作　　者：钟乐 赵智聪[2,3] ZHONG Le;ZHAO Zhicong(the College of Horticulture&Forestry Sciences of Huazhong Agricultural University;the School of Architecture,Tsinghua University;the Institute of National Parks,Tsinghua University)

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学园艺林学学院 [2]清华大学建筑学院 [3]清华大学国家公园研究院

出　　处：《风景园林》2025年第2期36-42,共7页Landscape Architecture

基　　金：教育部人文社科一般项目“三江源国家公园自然圣境识别、制图与治理研究”(编号21YJCZH240);中央高校基本科研项目“自然保护区生态成效位移的类型谱系、空间规律及相关关系”(编号2662024YLPY005)。

摘　　要：【目的】建立特许经营制度是中国进入国家公园时代的主要任务之一,但目前缺少对其利益相关者构成及权利、义务的分析,严重制约了政策制定与落地实施。【方法】基于利益相关者分析的理念,以10个国家公园(含体制试点)为研究对象,以相关法律、法规、政策文件为研究资料,从应然、实然、使然3个层面识别国家公园特许经营制度中利益相关者的构成,辨析他们所应承担的义务和享有的权利。【结果】国家公园特许经营制度中的主要利益相关者包括特许人、受许人、监督主体、社区和属地政府,存在特许人资格与现行法律冲突、受许人组成不全面、监督主体不明晰的问题,且面临特许人承担义务不足,受许人、社区权利束不完整,部分权利主张难以实现的现实困境。【结论】提出了解决上述问题、破解现实困境的操作路径,并提出了基于利益相关者权利、义务的国家公园特许经营制度建议。[Objective]The establishment of a concession system is a pivotal endeavor for China's transition into the era of national parks.The concession system is of paramount importance,as it has the potential to alleviate fiscal pressures on public funds,enhance the efficiency of ecological governance,and stimulate social capital—all of which are indispensable for the sustainable development of national parks.This research posits that the absence of a clear delineation of rights and obligations among stakeholders poses a significant barrier to the effective implementation of the concession system.This ambiguity often results in frequent conflicts and impedes the development of management regulations,thereby obstructing the formulation of a comprehensive top-level design for the national park concession system.This research explores the current state of concession systems within China's national parks,emphasizing the necessity for a unified framework to navigate the complexities that emerge from the interplay of stakeholders'rights and obligations.Following the principle of equality of stakeholders'rights and obligations,this research aims to provide a comprehensive theoretical and practical framework to guide ongoing research and the systematic construction of China's national park concession system.[Methods]This research is designed to investigate the overarching and universal challenges associated with the establishment of the national park concession system in China.It eschews micro-level methodologies while in favor of a macro-level comparative analysis,which encompasses a comprehensive examination of the related initiatives in all national parks and pilot national parks.The research's specific foci include the Three Rivers Source National Park,Giant Panda National Park,Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park,Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park and Wuyi Mountain National Park,as well as the pilot national parks including Qianjiangyuan,Shennongjia,Nanshan,Qilian Mountain and Pudacuo.Guided by the tenets of st

关 键 词：国家公园 自然保护地 特许经营 生态文明 自然资源 利益相关者 

分 类 号：TU984.18[建筑科学—城市规划与设计]