技术转化的力量:美国科创领先的关键要素  

The Strength of Knowledge Transfer:Why Can the U.S.Lead in Technological Innovation?

作　　者：耿曙[1] 李妍卓 Shu Keng;Yanzhuo Li(School of Public Affairs,Zhejiang University)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学公共管理学院

出　　处：《世界政治研究》2023年第3期1-23,144-145,共25页World Politics Studies

摘　　要：美国为何能够不断产出创新,长期维持世界科技前列?对此,学界向来有强调“投入”与侧重“体制”两种观点,迄今未能形成共识。本文乃针对前项观点的代表著作——琳达·维斯的《美国体制:国家安全型国家如何引导企业与创新》,进行延伸性考察,围绕美国政府能力与角色的转换,认为美国科创持续领先的关键,不仅在高强度的国防投入,还在于其军民融合一体的“技术转化体系”。正是由于后者,美国的国防投入才能带动民间产业发展,继而又能反哺国防工业,形成科创领域来回反馈的良性循环。这才成就《美国体制》所关注的,美国国防科技不断推陈出新,且其创新又成为产业竞争优势的基础。从这个角度看,若要高效且可持续地扶持科技创新,必须“资源投入”与“体制建设”并重。本文的案例分析因此提供了部分对建设“新型举国体制”,推动国家科技现代化、实现科技自立自强的启示。Why can the United States keep generating technological innovation and thus lead in the world's science and technology for many decades?There have been two competing perspectives in making sense of the U.S.success,emphasizing respec⁃tively“significant investment”and“systematic features.”Since there is no consensus over the issue,this paper thus takes a seminal work of the former view,i.e.,Linda Weiss's America Inc?Innovation and Enterprise in the National Security State for criti⁃cal assessment.The paper first analyzes the changes in the capabilities and roles of the U.S.government,thus the relations between government and businesses,and then con⁃trasts the American system with the case of the former Soviet Union.It concludes that the key to the success of the U.S.in science and technology innovation lies not only in its enormous investment in the defense industry,but also due to its civil⁃military cooper⁃ation,i.e.,the smooth knowledge transfer between the two sectors.It is precisely be⁃cause of the latter that the defense investment in the U.S.can turn into technological competitiveness of private industries,and a prospering private sector can in turn feed⁃back its defense industry,forming a virtuous cycle in the innovation in science and technology.This is what the American Inc.is highlighting,and the real secret of America's lead in the world's science and technology.From this perspective,in order to efficiently and sustainably generate technological innovation,both significant investment and systematic features are indispensable.The cases being addressed in the paper thus provide some insights for our effort to build the New Whole State System,and promoting indigenous and cutting⁃edge technological innovation to meet the needs of China's mod⁃ernization.

关 键 词：科技创新 军工产业 美国 军民融合 技术转化 

分 类 号：D771.2[政治法律—政治学] F171.2[政治法律—中外政治制度]