敦煌弥勒经变剃度图澡豆考  

A Study on the Zaodou in Shaving Scenes in the Maitreya Sutra Illustrations of the Dunhuang Caves

作　　者：朱晓兰 沙武田[1] ZHU Xiaolan;SHA Wutian(School of History and Culture,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi’an 710119,Shaanxi)

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学历史文化学院,陕西西安710019

出　　处：《敦煌研究》2024年第6期15-25,共11页Dunhuang Research

基　　金：国家社科基金冷门绝学团队项目“敦煌壁画外来图像文明属性研究”(20VJXT014);陕西省石窟寺保护研究中心开放课题“唐长安对敦煌石窟影响研究”(C2021-003)。

摘　　要：敦煌弥勒经变表现儴佉王夫妇、大臣及其家眷们出家的剃度图中,左右两侧趺坐僧人前面的供桌上面摆放着与剃度场景有关的物品,其中的净瓶、袈裟特征明显,易于辨识,而另一类或单独或与净瓶、袈裟摆放在一起的或黑或白或灰的堆状或块状物品,图像特征极不明确,长期以来未有定名。考虑到经典所记剃度时洁净所需,此类物品极有可能是佛教用物“比丘十八物”之澡豆。结合佛经和《千金方》等文献记载的澡豆方,其制作工艺与配方的不同决定了澡豆剂型、颜色的差异,这正与剃度图中的形状和颜色相一致。The Maitreya Sutra illustrations depicted in the Dunhuang murals contain a shaving scene of King Sankha together with his wife,his ministers,and members of their families.In the scene,various items related to shaving and hair cutting are placed on an altar flanked by monks sitting in meditation.The items include vases and kasayas,which are very recognizable,in addition to several black or gray objects depicted in heaps without any specific features,and which have gone unidentified for a long time.Considering the necessity of shaving and regular cleaning as recorded in Buddhist scriptures,it is proposed that the heaps are most likely zaodou澡豆,a daily washing article,and one of the“eighteen items for Bhikkhu”in Buddhism.According to formulas for making zaodou recorded in documents such as Buddhist scriptures and the Qianjin Fang千金方(Valuable Prescriptions for Emergencies),different manufacturing processes and combinations of ingredients determined the shape and color of zaodou,several of which are consistent with the shape and color of the items in the shaving scenes.

关 键 词：弥勒经变 剃度图 澡豆 腊日 

分 类 号：K879.21[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]