美国文物保护高等教育:发展、借鉴与反思  

Higher Education in Heritage Conservation in the United States:Development,Reference,and Reflection

作　　者：郝鹏骁 陈娟娟 马啸 Hao Pengxiao;Chen Jiuan Jiuan;Ma Xiao(School of Cultural Heritage and Information Management,Shanghai University,Shanghai 200444,China;School of Materials Science and Engineering,Shanghai University,Shanghai 200444,China;Key Laboratory of Silicate Cultural Relics Conservation(Shanghai University),Ministry of Education,Shanghai 200444,China;Art Conservation Department,SUNY Buffalo State University,U1300 Elmwood Ave,Rockwell Hall 230,Buffalo,NY 14222,USA;Department of History of Science and Scientific Archaeometry,University of Science and Technology of China,Hefei 230026,China)

机构地区：[1]上海大学文化遗产与信息管理学院,上海200444 [2]上海大学材料科学与工程学院,上海200444 [3]上海大学硅酸盐质文物保护教育部重点实验室(上海大学),上海200444 [4]纽约州立大学布法罗分校艺术保护系,美国布法罗14222 [5]中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系,安徽合肥230026

出　　处：《中国文化遗产》2025年第1期25-38,共14页China Cultural Heritage

基　　金：国家文物局科技教育司“文物保护学科建设”委托课题(2022-48)。

摘　　要：在不到百年内,美国的文物保护高等教育与行业协同发展,形成了以职业需求为牵引、专业方向细分、学科高度交叉融合的教育体系,对中国文物保护人才培养有着重要的借鉴意义。本文首先溯源了美国文物保护行业人才培养的发展历史;随后,详细阐述了美国高校文物保护项目的设置情况以及文物修复师、建筑遗产保护工程师和文物保护科学家三类人才的培养体系,并归纳了推动美国文物保护行业与高等教育体系发展的4个关键因素:学术科研平台与期刊交流、科学基金与财政支持、私人募捐、政府决策与社会参与;最终,提出了中国文物保护教育可借鉴的4个方面:清晰定位、学科支持、注重当代、国际共赢。In light of the growing demand for cultural heritage conservation and the need for talent development,strengthening disciplinary development has become a consensus in the field.Over the past century,the field of heritage conservation in the United States has developed a systematic body of theories and techniques that align closely with professional needs.The relevant experience and educational models provide invaluable insights for developing cultural heritage conservation in China.This paper summarizes and reviews the history of the coordinated development between higher education in heritage conservation and the industry in the United States.It analyzes three types of professionals-conservators,architectural heritage conservation engineers,and conservation scientists-across five aspects:program orientation and objectives,admission criteria,curriculum design,academy-industry integration,and graduate employment.This paper identifies four key factors driving this development:(1)active academic exchange and collaboration frameworks,including industry associations,academic journals,and online discussion platforms;(2)long-term funding for research projects from governmental and semi-governmental foundation;(3)support from private institutions and foundations for conservation projects,academic programs,and career development;and(4)legislative support,strong public engagement,and the widespread societal influence of the cultural heritage sector.Finally,the paper proposes the following reflections on the cultivation of talent in cultural heritage conservation in China:(1)Training should be science-based and application-oriented,with clearly defined professional roles and training objectives;(2)Cultural heritage conservation should be developed into an independent discipline that combines academic rigor with professional practice;(3)Greater efforts are needed to foster professional development and achieve technological breakthroughs in modern cultural heritage and art conservation;(4)International collaboration in cultur

关 键 词：文化遗产学科建设 高等教育 文物保护行业 人才培养 

分 类 号：K87[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]