阶级优先还是性别优先?——20世纪英国工党女性议题的重心变化  

The Primacy of Class or Gender?The Evolution of Women's Issues Within the British Labour Party in the 20th Century

作　　者：项佐涛[1] 顾峰 Xiang Zuotao;Gu Feng

机构地区：[1]北京大学国际关系学院,北京100871

出　　处：《当代世界社会主义问题》2024年第4期58-69,163,164,共14页Issues of Contemporary World Socialism

摘　　要：英国工党诞生之初便关注了女性议题。20世纪早期,工党内部出现了关于“有限女性选举权”与“成年普选权”的争论,体现了阶级诉求与女性诉求两个向度的张力。此后,这一张力长期贯穿于工党的女性议题之中。女性利益支持者提出的家庭津贴、同工同酬等议题需向工会利益让步,在党内讨论中长期处于次要地位。直至1970年代,工党虽然愿意维护女性工人阶级的权益,但是依然将女性定位成从属性、辅助性、补充性的角色。经历多次选举失利,工党于1980年代初着手淡化阶级政党的形象,提升女性议题的优先级,通过党内配额改革等多项措施打造亲近女性的政党面貌。尽管如此,阶级身份与经济状况仍然是区别女性选民政治倾向的重要因素。不仅如此,女性身份的定义正在变得模糊化。因此,阶级与性别的张力转化为性别与阶级、性取向、宗教、种族、民族等多元身份的互相牵制。工党难以通过强调某一种身份认同来取悦多数的女性选民。Since its inception,the British Labour Party has been concerned with women's issues.In the early 20th century,a debate arose within the Labour Party concerning“Limited Women's Suffrage”versus“Universal Adult Suffrage”,reflecting the tension between class demands and those of women.This tension has persisted in Labour's approach to women's issues for an extended period.Issues like Family Allowances and Equal Pay for Equal Work,advocated by supporters of women's interests,were sidelined in the party's internal discussions due to opposition from trade unions.Until the 1970s,while the Labour Party was willing to defend the rights and interests of working-class women,it continued to assign women a subordinate,auxiliary,and complementary role.Following several electoral setbacks,in the early 1980s,the Labour Party began to de-emphasize its identity as a class-based organization by prioritizing women's issues and endeavoring to establish itself as a pro-women party through various measures,including reforms related to internal quotas.However,factors such as class identity and economic status remain pivotal in shaping the political preferences of female voters.Furthermore,the definition of female identity is becoming increasingly blurred.As a result,the tension between class and gender has evolved into a complex interplay involving multiple identities,including but not limited to class,sexual orientation,religion,race,and ethnicity.This presents challenges for the British Labour Party in effectively appealing to a majority of female voters by emphasizing any single identity.

关 键 词：英国工党 阶级 女性议题 

分 类 号：D75[政治法律—政治学]