武则天明堂设计蓝图复原与初唐标准尺  

Restoration of the Design Blueprint for the Wu Zetian Mingtang and the Standard Ruler of the Early Tang Dynasty

作　　者：袁敏[1,2] 刘国庆 曲安京[1,2] YUAN Min;LIU Guoqing;QU Anjing(Institute for Advanced Study in History of Science,Northwest University,Xi'an 710127,China;Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage and Digital Humanities,Xi'an 710127,China)

机构地区：[1]西北大学科学史高等研究院,西安710127 [2]陕西省文化遗产数字人文重点实验室,西安710127

出　　处：《中国科技史杂志》2024年第4期632-642,F0002,共12页The Chinese Journal for the History of Science and Technology

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国历法史”(项目编号:22&ZD221);陕西省重点研发计划项目“数字化文化资源平台的智能分析与利用研究”(项目编号:2019ZDLGY17-03)。

摘　　要：武则天明堂是武周时期东都洛阳重要的礼制建筑。根据现存明堂遗址的考古数据和历史文献,利用数理考古的方法,复原了武则天明堂基址的设计蓝图,其中蕴含着两套三圆三方的宇宙模型,基址上三圆三方的大小,恰好是柱础坑内三圆三方的9倍,如果以柱础坑代表一重天,则明堂基址的三圆三方就代表了九重天。复原武则天明堂设计蓝图,为历史学家深刻理解明堂建筑的结构与象征意义,提供了重要的数理依据。武则天明堂作为武周时期的国家标准器,采用的标准尺与唐代初期构建的长安城圜丘是一致的,取1尺约为29厘米,由此证明,开元之前的唐代国家礼制建筑采用的标准尺与中唐以降的标准尺(约30.4厘米/尺)是不一样的,武则天明堂或许是唐代尺度之历史转折的一个重要见证。The Wu Zetian Mingtang was an important ceremonial architecture in Luoyang,the eastern capital of China during the Wuzhou period in the Tang dynasty.Based on the archaeological data of the existing Mingtang sites and historical documents,the design blueprint for the foundation site of the Wu Zetian Mingtang has been recovered by utilizing the method of mathematical archaeology.The results show that the foundation site contains two sets of“three-circle and threesquare”cosmic models,and the size of the model on the base site is exactly 9 times that of the model in the central pillar base pit.If the central pillar base pit represents one level of heaven,then the model of the Mingtang base site represents nine levels of heaven.The restoration of the blueprint for the design of the Wu Zetian Mingtang provides important mathematical basis for historians to better understand the structure and symbolic significance of the Mingtang architecture.As a national standard tool during the Wuzhou period,the Wu Zetian Mingtang used a standard ruler consistent with the yuanqiu(circular mound altar)of the Changan city in the early Tang dynasty.1 chi was taken as 29.0 centimeters.This result indicates that the standard ruler used in the national ritual architecture of the Tang dynasty before Kaiyuan era is different from the standard ruler used since the middle of the dynasty(about 30.4 centimeters per chi),and the Wu Zetian Mingtang may be an important witness to the historical turning point of the Tang dynasty's scale.

关 键 词：武则天 明堂 数理考古 三圆三方 尺度 宇宙模型 

分 类 号：N092[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学] K87[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]