再论明中前期中国数学的转变  

A Further Discussion on the Transformation of Chinese Mathematics during the Early and Middle Ming Dynasty

作　　者：朱一文 ZHU Yiwen(Department of Philosophy and Institute of Logic and Cognition,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510275,China)

机构地区：[1]中山大学哲学系暨逻辑与认知研究所,广州510275

出　　处：《中国科技史杂志》2024年第4期684-695,共12页The Chinese Journal for the History of Science and Technology

基　　金：2021年国家社会科学基金冷门绝学研究专项“《数书九章》校勘与研究”(项目编号:21VJXG022)。

摘　　要：学界通常把元中后期与明中前期同作为中国数学的衰落期,并进而分析其原因。这一认识与分析大体不错,但并未刻画出这两个时期的关键差别。洪武初年,朱元璋设立了从中央至地方的算学制度,以杨辉著述作为数学教育的思想,但未诏诸儒整理宋元数学成就以作为数学教育的内容。洪武二十六年(1393),朱元璋废算学,从此明代再无官方算学制度。永乐元年(1403),朱棣登基称帝,诏诸儒编撰《永乐大典》。该典尽力收罗古代算书,按杨辉思想分条抄入,并以杨辉著述作为解题标准。然而,此后这批算书深藏于文渊阁,官方既无算学制度,民间人士亦不得见,对数学知识的流传造成极大的困难。永乐十二年(1414),朱棣又诏诸儒编撰《五经四书性理大全》,然而仅《性理大全》黄钟律管篇载有儒家开方算法。景泰元年(1450),在杨辉《详解九章算法》和宋儒对河图、洛书数理解释的基础上,吴敬编撰完成《九章算法比类大全》。吴书确是传统算学的重要发展,但是中国数学自元中叶以来转变的趋势已经无法改变。The scholarly community usually understands the late Yuan period and early Ming period as the decline periods of Chinese mathematics,and analyzes the reasons for this decline.This understanding and analysis can be generally correct,but it has not further characterized the key differences between these two periods.During the beginning years of the Hongwu reign(1328—1398),Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang established an educational system for mathematics from central to local levels,which adopted Yang Hui's idea.However,the system did not include the mathematical achievements in the Song and Yuan periods.In 1393,Zhu Yuanzhang abolished this system.In 1403,Zhu Di proclaimed himself emperor,and ordered Confucian scholars to compile Great Compendium of Yongle Era.The compendium collected ancient mathematical books as much as possible,copying them into sections according to Yang Hui's category,and using Yang Hui's comments as the standard explanations for mathematical procedures.However,these mathematical books were solely preserved in the Imperial Library after the compilation,which caused great difficulties in the dissemination of mathematical knowledge.In 1414,Zhu Di ordered Confucian scholars to compile the Complete Works of the Five Classics,Four Books and Principles of Nature.However,it did not include any Confucian mathematical method at all,except for one recorded in the Complete Works of the Principles of Nature.In 1450,based on Yang Hui's Mathematical Methods Explaining in Detail The Nine Chapters and Neo-Confucianism's mathematical explanations of the Hetu chart and the Luoshu square,Wu Jing compiled Complete Works of The Nine Chapters on Mathematical Procedures and Its Analogy.This book is indeed an important development in traditional Chinese mathematics,but the trend of decline in Chinese mathematics since the middle period of the Yuan dynasty were not to be changed.

关 键 词：朱元璋 朱棣 《永乐大典》 杨辉 《详解九章算法》 

分 类 号：N092[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学] O1[理学—数学]