国际刑事法院检察官自行调查权中的“公正利益”要素  

The“Interests of Justice”Element in the Prosecutor's proprio motu Power to Initiate Investigations at the International Criminal Court

作　　者：汪小静 Wang Xiaojing

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学国际法学院

出　　处：《国际法研究》2024年第6期58-73,共16页Chinese Review of International Law

摘　　要：在诉讼程序的初步审查阶段,国际刑事法院检察官行使自行调查权需遵循“有合理根据进行调查”的标准,具体包含“管辖权”“可受理性”和“公正利益”3项评估要素,其中“公正利益”要素具有高度的自由裁量性。“公正利益”的规范内涵超出了传统刑事司法利益范畴,还包含替代性争端解决措施、和平和安全因素、预防严重犯罪和确保国际司法获得长期尊重等内容。3项评估要素虽为递进关系,但“公正利益”作为最终考量为不启动刑事诉讼提供了理由,可能推翻基于其他要素形成的进行调查的推定。由此,在功能上,“公正利益”既是赋予检察官自由裁量权的依据,也构成了对这种裁量权的限制,为检察官在特定情况下决定不调查提供了依据。检察官对“公正利益”的审查标准不仅包括犯罪严重性和被害人利益等法律考量,还涉及调查可行性、和平事项、替代性争端解决以及机构资源等更广泛的道德与政治考量。虽然《国际刑事法院罗马规约》的目的与宗旨隐含着进行调查的期待,且犯罪严重性和被害人利益等因素可能为检察官根据规约第15条启动程序提供了有力支持,但“公正利益”中的其他权衡要素实际为检察官提供了超越单纯法律考量的不予调查理由。《国际刑事法院罗马规约》规定了对检察官完全基于“公正利益”作出的不调查决定的司法控制机制,赋予预审分庭主动复核权。然而,针对调查决定,预审分庭实践中审查标准的降低导致只能依靠检察官的自我约束来制约其自行调查权的行使,这可能进一步削弱国际社会对检察官自行调查权的信任。In the preliminary examination phase of proceedings,the International Criminal Court's exercise of proprio motu power to initiate investigations must satisfy the“reasonable basis to proceed”standard,which encompasses three evaluative elements:“jurisdiction”,“admissibility”and“interests of justice”with the latter being highly discretionary.The text,context,purpose and objectives of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court indicate that the normative content of“interests of justice”extends beyond traditional criminal justice interests to include alternative dispute resolution measures,peace and security factors,prevention of serious crimes,and ensuring lasting respect for international justice.While the three evaluative elements maintain a progressive relationship,the“interests of justice”,as the ultimate consideration,provides grounds for not initiating criminal proceedings and may potentially override the presumption to investigate formed based on other elements.The Prosecutor's assessment criteria for the“interests of justice”encompass not only the gravity of crimes and victims'interests as codified in legal norms but also broader moral and political considerations including investigation feasibility,peace matters,alternative dispute resolution and institutional resources.While the Rome Statute's objectives and procedural rules imply an expectation to investigate and factors such as crime gravity and victims'interests may provide strong support for the Prosecutor to initiate proceedings under Article 15,other balancing elements within the“interests of justice”framework effectively provide the Prosecutor with grounds for non-investigation that transcend purely legal considerations.Although the Rome Statute establishes a judicial control mechanism over the Prosecutor's decisions not to investigate solely based on the“interests of justice”by granting the Pre-Trial Chamber proprio motu power of review,the lowered standard of review in practice regarding decisions to in

关 键 词：国际刑事法院 自行调查权 初步审查 公正利益 国际刑事法院罗马规约 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]