人工降雨条件下坝坡水力侵蚀模型试验与分析  

Model Experiment and Analysis of Hydraulic Erosion on Dam Slopes under Artificial Rainfall Conditions

作　　者：张宁 李玉雷 李哲辉 郭大平 胡良才 ZHANG Ning;LI Yulei;LI Zhehui;GUO Daping;HU Liangcai(The Fourth Research and Design Engineering Corporation,CNNC,Shijiazhuang 050021,China)

机构地区：[1]中核第四研究设计工程有限公司,河北石家庄050021

出　　处：《铀矿冶》2025年第1期109-116,共8页Uranium Mining and Metallurgy

摘　　要：为探究坝坡的坡比、降雨强度和防护形式等因素对坝坡侵蚀特征的影响,搭建足尺寸人工降雨模拟试验平台,模拟了不同坡比、降雨强度和防护形式下坡面产流、产沙过程,分析了不同工况下坡面径流和产沙的差异性。结果表明:产流起始时间随坡比、降雨强度的增大而减小,且受降雨强度的影响较大。沟槽排水防护由于形成了坡面径流通道,使产流时间提前;坡面植草和碎石护坡均不同程度降低了坡面对降雨的响应,使得产流起始时间大幅延后。降雨强度对产流量的影响最为显著,降雨强度由小雨增大为暴雨,产流量增加了7.6倍,产沙量增加了18.5倍,产沙量达到峰值的时间缩短了约75%。沟槽排水护坡由于形成了径流通道,导致坡面产流量最大。植草护坡和碎石护坡可明显降低坡面产沙量,植草护坡一定程度上改善了土体理化性质,增大了土体孔隙率,使坡面入渗率增大,产流过程更为平缓,抗侵蚀效果更好。To investigate the influence of factors such as slope ratio,rainfall intensity,and protection form on the erosion characteristics of dam slopes,a full-scale artificial rainfall simulation test platform was built to simulate the runoff and sediment production processes on slopes with different slope ratios,rainfall intensities,and protection forms.The differences in runoff and sediment production on slopes under different operating conditions were analyzed.The results show that the starting time of runoff decreases with the increase of slope ratio and rainfall intensity,and is greatly affected by rainfall intensity.The trench drainage protection,due to the formation of slope runoff channels,advances the time of runoff generation.The grass planting and gravel slope protection on the slope reduce the response of the slope to rainfall to varying degrees,resulting in a significant delay in the start time of runoff generation.The rainfall intensity has the most significant impact on the runoff yield.The rainfall intensity increases from light rain to rainstorm,with the runoff yield increasing by 7.6 times,the sediment yield increasing by 18.5 times,and the time for the sediment yield to reach its peak reduced by about 75%.The ditch drainage slope protection forms a runoff channel,resulting in the maximum flow rate on the slope surface.The grass planting slope protection and gravel slope protection can significantly reduce the sediment yield on the slope surface.The grass planting slope protection improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil to a certain extent,increases the porosity of the soil,increases the infiltration rate of the slope surface,makes the runoff process smoother,and has better erosion resistance.

关 键 词：坝坡侵蚀 人工降雨 坡比 降雨强度 产流量 产沙量 模型试验 足尺寸模型 

分 类 号：TL212[核科学技术—核燃料循环与材料] TV149.2[水利工程—水力学及河流动力学]